Post on 03-Jan-2016
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 1 -
Methods and Tools for BPR
• An Integrated Framework for Methods and Tools for BPR
• Process Modeling Methods and Tools– IDEF0
– Functional Flowchart
• Data Modeling Methods and Tools– IDEF1x
• Supporting Technologies for BPR Activities– Groupware
– Process Simulation
– Organization Modeling Tools
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 2 -
A Framework of Integrating Methods & Tools for BPR
Elicit semi-formal
process and data models
Construct/revise
static business process models
Analyze the dynamics of the process
Analyze the activity costs of
the process
information of a process
semi-formalprocess model
cost and performance data compared to the baseline
performance data
activity cost data
Target information system generated
finalized process model
GDSS(GroupSystems V)
ABC Tool(IDEFCost, Easy ABC)
Simulation Tool(SIMROCESS)
CASE Tool(IEF)
Construct/revise
business data models
Data Modeling Tools(ERwin, BDF)
Construct formal IS models & generate
information systems
semi-formaldata model
Process Modeling Tools(IDEFine, BDF)
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 3 -
IDEF Notations
FunctionInputs Outputs
Controls
Mechanism
Legends
Process OrderCustomer order
Processed order
Order processingpolicy
Orderprocessingsystem
Orderprocessingclerks
Work schedule
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 4 -
Process Modeling for BPR
Process1. Entry Conditions2. Exit Conditions3. Decomposition
• Inputs: Materials & Information
• Suppliers• Requirements
• Outputs: Materials & Information
• Customers• Satisfiers
• Controls• Specifications• Schedules
• Mechanism• Resources• Infrastructures• Costs
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 5 -
ICOM in IDEFThe ICOM of a function represents certain system principles: Inputs are transformed into
outputs, controls constrain or dictate under what conditions transformations occur, and mechanisms describe how the function is accomplished.
"Inputs are transformed by the function
into outputs according to controls, using mechanisms."
An IDEF box and its ICOM can be described as:
I
C
O
M
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 6 -
Definition of ICOM
• Input: Describe resources or data that are needed to perform the function and are transformed by the function into outputs.
• Control: Describe the conditions, rules, procedures, or circumstances that govern the execution of the function. An arrow is a control unless it obviously serves only as input. Each function should have at least one control arrow. Most of controls are in the form of data.
• Output: The data or objects produced when the function is performed.
• Mechanism: Define the supporting mechanisms that carry out the function. A mechanism may be a person, an organizational unit, a physical device, or a computer program.
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 7 -
An Example of an IDEF Diagram
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:
AØF Maintain Repairable Spares (FEO) pg. 4-5
Asset (after repair)
Remove & Replace
1
Schedule into Shop
2
Inspect or Repair
3
Monitor & Route
4
In-service asset
Detected or suspected malfunction, or Item is scheduled for bench-check
Replaced asset
Man-hour standards and personnel availability
Spare asset
Asset (before repair)
Repairable asset
Assets awaiting parts
Replacement or original (repaired)
Status records
Completed asset
Spare or NRTS
Source: Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM): Functional Modeling Manual (IDEF0), June 1981, p. 4-5.
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 8 -
IDEF0 as a Constraint Diagram
(Function B is constrained by one input and two controls, and produces a single output, which constrains Function C).
FUNCTION A
FUNCTION B
FUNCTION C
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 9 -
IDEF0 Model Structure
A0
A4
A-0
A42
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
3
GENERAL
DETAILED
The diagram A0 is the "parent" of the diagram A4.
I1I2
C1
O1
Abstraction
Refinement
I1
I2
O1
C1
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 10 -
Node Tree
Manufacture Product
A1
Plan for Manufacture
A11
Assume a Structure and
Method of Manufacturing
A12
Estimate Requirements, Cost, Time to
Produce
A13
Develop Production Plans
A14
Develop Support Activities Plan
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 11 -
Node Index
A0 Manufacture Product
A1 Plan for Manufacture
A11 Assume a Structure and Method of Manufacture
A12 Estimate Requirements, Cost, Time to Produce
A13 Develop Production Plans
A14 Develop Support Activities Plan
A2 .......
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 12 -
Attributes of Processes
• Basic – Name
– Description
– Author
– Audit trails
• Performance data– Importance: Core, Critical
– Value Added: Business, Customer, None
– Cycle time: Mean, Variance, and Distribution
– Cost/Unit
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 13 -
ICOM Balancing: The Match Must Be Complete and Consistent
Parent Diagram
Detail Diagram
1
Parent Box 2
3
1
2
3
This arrow is a controlfrom the parent
This arrow continue on the parent
This arrow is an input from the parent
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 14 -
ICOM Codes Are Written on the Detail Diagram
This is C2 below
This is C1 below This is C3 below
This is I1 below
This is I2 below
Box of Parent to be Detailed
This is O1 below
This is O2 below
C1
C2
1
2
I1
I2
C3
O1
O2
ICOM code must be written at the unconnected ends of all boundary arrows except for A-0 diagram and on tunneled arrows.
3
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 15 -
Tunneled Arrows
Tunneling an arrow at the unconnected end indicates that the data conveyed is not relevant to or supplied by the parent diagram.
Tunneled Arrows at Unconnected Ends
Tunneled Arrows at Connected Ends
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
Tunneling an arrow where it connects to a box indicates that the data conveyed is not necessary at the next level of decomposition.
( )
( )
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 16 -
Tunneled Arrows and ICOM Codes
A0 PARENT DIAGRAM
A2 DETAIL DIAGRAM
corporatepolicy
Control will not be shown on detail diagram
This arrow is still labeled as C3
status report tocontroller's office Output not shown on
parent diagram
( )
( )
I1
C1
C3
O1
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 17 -
Process Evaluation
• Eliminate
• Simplify
• Combine
• Parallelize
• Automate
• Create value-adding processes
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 18 -
Inputs Evaluation
• Type: Data, Material
• Performance: – Quality
– Cost/Unit: include cost of processing purchase order, shipping cost, cost of the inputs, and inventory cost.
– Delivery timeliness
– Volume: Average and peak
• Reduce the cost of inputs.
• Alternative sources of inputs.
• Ensure timeliness of inputs delivery.
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 19 -
Controls Evaluation
• Reduce unnecessary controls
• Embed controls as part of the process
• Let the workers who perform the process conduct the checking.
• Improve the procedures and guidelines of the process.
• Empower workers to learn and think and give them authority to make decision to make changes and improvements
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 20 -
Mechanism Evaluation
• Who should perform the process?
• Are tools used for performing the process adequate?
• What are emerging and matured techniques, tools, and information technologies that may help the improvement of process productivity or effectiveness?
• What is the cost of the resources in employing the mechanism? Are there alternatives?
• Are there adequate training programs for employees in using tools and methods?
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 21 -
Standard Flowchart Symbols
Activity
Movement/Transportation
Decision Point
Paper document
Delay
Storage
Connector
Begin/End
Annotation
Direction of process flow
Transmission
© Minder Chen, 1995 - IDEF 22 -
Functional Flowchart (Process Mapping)
CustomerService
CreditChecking
Inventory Shipping
Begin EnterOrder
CheckCredit
OK
Order Processing Update
Inventory
Ship order
End
PROCESS
CYCLE
1 2
1 1 12 0.1 43 0.2 14 ... ......
ACTIVITY