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MacromoleculesShort Chemistry Review and Macromolecules

+Focus Question

What are the functions of each group of

organic compounds?

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Short Review

+Quick Review

Atom:

-Protons: positive charge

-Neutrons: neutral charge

-Electrons: negative charge

1

+Quiz Question

1. The three particles (parts) that

make up an atom are:

a.protons, neutrons, and isotopesb.neutrons, isotopes and electronsc. positives, negatives and

electronsd.protons, neutrons and electrons

+Atoms, Elements, Molecules

HH

H H

ATOMS

Molecule - H2

O O

O O

ATOMS

Molecule – O2

Elements

+Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonds: when atoms gain or lose electrons to form ions (charged particles).

+Covalent Bonding

Covalent Bond: when two or more atoms share electrons to form a molecule.

In a water molecule, each hydrogen atom forms a covalent bond with the oxygen atom. 3

+Hydrogen Bonding

Hydrogen Bond: when a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom of another

4

+Quiz Question

2. What type of bond holds together the oxygen and hydrogen in a water molecule?

a. Ionic bondb. Covalent bondc. Hydrogen bondd. Oxygen bond

+Quiz Question

3. What type of bond holds together 2 water molecules?

a. Ionic bondb.Covalent bondc. Hydrogen bondd.Oxygen bond

+Water Polarity

Polarity: charges are unevenly distributed is called a polar molecule.

A water molecule is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

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Cohesion: attraction of molecules of the same substance

Adhesion: attraction of molecules from different substances

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+

pH scale

Base: 8 -14

Neutral: 7

Acid: 0 - 6

+Macromolecules

Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

+Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties

Most molecules that make up living things are based on carbon atoms.

MONOMER: small molecule subunit

POLYMER: molecule that contains many monomers

+Four Main Types of Carbon-based Molecules

1. Carbohydrates

2. Proteins

3. Lipids

4. Nucleic Acids

+Carbohydrates

Structure: Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Function: main source of energy, make up plant cell wall

Building Block:

Monosaccharide

Examples: Fructose and Glucose

Larger Molecule:

Polysaccharide

Examples: Starch and Cellulose

5 & 8

+ Proteins Structure: Made up of carbon, hydrogen,

nitrogen, oxygen, and sometimes sulfur

Function: enzymes, different body functions including movement, eyesight, digestion

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+Protein

Building Block:

Amino Acids

Examples: Glycine, Glutamine

(20 different types)

Larger Molecule:

Polypeptide or Protein

Examples: Hemoglobin (Red Blood Cell),

meats, beans and nuts 7

+Lipids

Structure: chain of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms

Function: store large amounts of energy, membrane structure, insulation

Building Block:

Glycerol + fatty acids

Larger Molecule:

Fats, Oils, Waxes, Phospholipid, Steroids, Cholesterol

Examples: Meat, Butter, Oil

+Nucleic Acids

Structure: made up of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing molecule (base)

Function: contain instructions which are the code of proteins, contain the hereditary information

Building Block:

Nucleotides

Larger Molecule:

Nucleic Acid or Polynucleotide

Examples: DNA and RNA

+Quiz Question

4. Which of the four macromolecules’ main function is to provide an energy source for living things?

a. Lipidsb. Carbohydratesc. Nucleic acidsd. Proteins

+Quiz Question

5. What is the main function of nucleic acids?

a. Provide energy for living thingsb. Store genetic information in DNA and

RNAc. Speed up chemical reactionsd. Store large amounts of energy

+Quiz Question

6. Amino Acids are the building block of a. Carbohydratesb. Lipidsc. Proteinsd. Nucleic Acids

+Quiz Question

7. Glucose, cellulose and starch are alla. Carbohydratesb. Lipidsc. Proteinsd. Nucleic Acids