第二章 行为医学的基本理论

Behaviorism Theory

Learning Theory

Behaviorism

John B.Watson 约翰 . 华生 （ 1878—1958 ）

Behaviorism

• 冯特“心理学是研究意识的科学”

• 华生：心理学应该研究可以被观察和直接测量的行为，反对研究没有科学根据的意识。他反对内省的研究方法，主张以纯实验的方法研究心理学。

华生1919 年《行为主义观点的心理学 》

1925 年《行为主义》

• 行为主义观点认为，心理学不应该研究意识，只

应该研究行为。所谓行为就是有机体用以适应环

境变化的各种身体反应的组合。这些反应不外是

肌肉收缩和腺体分泌，它们有的表现在身体外部，

有的隐藏在身体内部，强度有大有小。

• 华生认为心理学研究行为的任务就在于查明刺激与反应之间的规律性关系。这样就能根据刺激推知反应，根据反应推知刺激，达到预测和控制行为的目的。可以丢开意识去考察 行为 。运用更客观的方法去研究行为。

• S-----------R

“Give me a dozen health infants, well-formed, and

my own specified world to bring them up in and I’

will guarantee to take any one at random and train

him to become any type of specialist I might select,

doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, even

beggar man and thief, regardless of his talents,

penchants, tendencies, abilities,vocations, and race

of his ancestors”

—(John B. Watson,1925)

• Burrbus Frederick

Skinner 斯金纳 （ 1904—1990 ）

• Albert Bandura

班杜拉 (1925--)

• Behaviorism

S——R

• New behaviorism

S——O——R

Basic styles of learning

• 1. Classical conditioning

• 2. Operant conditioning

(Instrumental conditioning)

• 3. Observational learning

( Social learning)

• Pavlovian 巴甫洛夫

( 1849-1936)

Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning

• A set of procedures, developed by Pavlov,

used to investigate how organisms learn

about the signaling properties of events.

Classical conditioning leads to the learning

of relations between events- that occur

outside of one’s control.

（ UCS ）→（ UCR ）

（ CS ） + （ UCS ）→ (UCR)

（ CS ）→（ CR ）

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

Skinner’s box

Operant Conditioning

A form of behaviorism based on the premise

that reinforced behaviors tend to continue,

while those that are punished or are not

reinforced tend to gradually end.

Response(behavior)

Consequence(reinforcer)

Effect on behavior(increasing)

Operant Conditioning (reformation)

Observational Learning

• Observational Learning

• Learning that occurs as a result of

observing the experiences of others. Also

called social learning

Basic principles of learning

• reinforcement

• Punishment

• extinction

• generalization

• habituation

• shaping

• modeling

• habituation

• An event occurs repeatedly, but in this case, the

reaction of the animal wanes with repeated

exposure.

• A behavioural alteration where an organism gets

accustomed to a particular stimuli, and no longer

produces a response to it.

habituation

Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychodynamic Theory

Sigmund

Freud （ 1856—193

9 ）

Psychoanalysis

• Unconscious theory

• Theories of personality

• Libido: Stages of psychosexual development

• Anxiety and Defense Mechanisms

• Dream interpretation

Conscious

The contents of awareness — those things that occupy the focus of one’s current attention.

Preconscious

Information that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness.

Unconscious

A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, memories, urges, and conflicts that are truly beyond awareness.

Freud's personality theory

Id

The portion of personality that is governed by

inborn instinctual drives, particularly those

related to sex and aggression.

—— pleasure principle

Ego

The portion of personality that induces people

to act with reason and deliberation and helps

them conform to the requirements of the

external world.

—— reality principle

Superego

The portion of personality that motivates

people to act in an ideal fashion, in accordance

with the moral customs defined by parents and

culture.

—— idealistic principle

Anxiety and Defense Mechanisms

• When we are unsuccessful in resolving a conflict through normal constructive actions, we become anxious. Anxiety is considered both a symptom of conflict and a signal to use a defense mechanism. Defense mechanisms are psychological maneuvers by which we distort reality in ways that will help us avoid conflicts and reduce anxiety.

Defense Mechanisms

• Repression

• Denial

• Undoing

• Regression

• Projection

• Displacement

•Reaction formation

•Rationalization

•Compensation

•Intellectualization

•Sublimation

Psychoanalytic therapy Techniques

• Free Associations

• The Analysis of Dreams

• The Analysis of resistance

• The Analysis of transference

• Interpretation

Humanism Theory Humanism Psychology

. humanistic psychology

as the "third force" in psychology

• Humanism is a psychological approach that

emphasises the study of the whole person, and

the uniqueness of each individual.  

Humanism Theory

• Abraham H.

Maslow

马斯洛 (1908—

1970)

• Carl Ranson.

Rogers

罗杰斯 (1902-

1987 )

Self-actualization 自我实现

 Kurt Goldstein "the tendency to actualize itself as

fully as possible is the basic drive...the drive of

self-actualization.“

Carl Rogers "the curative force in psychotherapy

-man's tendency to actualize himself, to become

his potentialities...to express and activate all the

capacities of the organism."

Humanism Perspective

• It views human nature is inherently and rational

and as naturally moving toward self-actualization .

Psychological disorders result when a person’s

natural tendency toward self-actualization is

blocked. Remove the psychological blocks, and

the person can move toward self-actualization

Cognitive Theory

• Cognitive psychology Theory

• The school of psychology that examines

internal mental processes such as problem

solving, memory, and language.

•  Aaron Beck

贝克 (1921 -       )

• Beck’s cognitive

therapy

• Albert Ellis 艾里斯 (1913 -  )

rational-emotive therapy,

RET;

rational-emotive-behavior

therapy, REBT 

The cognitive perspective

It suggests that faulty thinking or distorted

perceptions can contribute to some types of

psychological disorders. For example, negative

thinking is intimately involved in depression and

anxiety. Treatment consistent with this perspective

is aimed at changing thinking and perceptions,

which presumably will lead to a change in behavior

Psychophysiological theory

• Cannon 坎农• Pavlov 巴甫洛夫• Selye 塞里• Wolff 沃尔夫• Miller 米勒

New Direction of Psychology

• Positive psychology

• Cultural and cross-cultural psychology

• Evolutionary psychology

• Psychosexual Stages

• 1.oral stage (0---1): mouth, feeding ,fixation

• 2.anal stage (2---3): anus, toilet training, fixation

• 3.phallic stage (4---5): genitals, Oedipus complex

• 4.latency stage (6 to puberty):none

• 5.genital stage (puberty on): genitals

• Libido

• Dream analysis

• Dream work

The end