Post on 30-Dec-2015
*As living things are constantly being investigated, new attributes are revealed that affect how organisms are placed in a standard classification system.
*The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors:*1. Cell Type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic)
*2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular)
*3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)
*Archaebacteria
*Eubacteria
*Protista
*Fungi
*Plantae
*Animalia
*Viruses: Are they living?
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
*Virus- a microscopic particle made of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and proteins surrounding by a protein coating (capsule)
*100% of viruses are pathogenic, meaning they cause disease!!!!
*Parasitic as they are dependent on host for replication
*Lytic Cycle
*ANTIBIOTICS DON’T WORK ON VIRUSES!!!
*Vaccines:
*Used as PREVENTION, NOT A CURE!
*Only useful against viruses that do not mutate and evolve (change) rapidly.
*HIV, common cold viruses and flu virus- DNA mutates rapidly. No permanent vaccine!
*30 million + people have the disease, highly prevalent in Africa
*Is a retrovirus (synthesizes DNA from RNA, reverse of DNA to RNA
*Infects T cells – cells of immune system that control the entire immune process
*Can lie dormant in our DNA for 10 years +
*Common cold
*Chicken pox
*Measles
*Rabies
*Rubella
*Mumps
*Influenza (flu)
*Small pox
*Hepatitis
*Yellow fever
*Ebola
*Kingdom Eubacteria
*Common environments
*Gave rise to mitochondria and chloroplasts
*Have peptidoglycan in cell walls
*Kingdom Archaebacteria
*Found in extreme environments
*Ancient bacteria-gave rise to eukaryotic cells
*No peptidoglycan in cell walls
*Relative Size
*Shapes:
*Cocci- round
*Bacilli- rod-shaped
*Spirilla- spiral
*Interior structures*Has DNA, cytoplasm and
ribosomes
*Exterior structures
*Flagella-whip-like tail for locomotion
*Pilli – used to ‘stick’ to surfaces
*Cell membrane to control what goes in and out
*Cell wall for protection
* Gram negative (-) *Not affected by antibiotics (E. coli)*Two thin layers
make up cell wall*Doesn’t hold purple
stain so appears pink
*Gram positive (+)
*Are affected by antibiotics
*Thick cell wall
*Holds purple stain, so cells look purple
Holds true only for eubacteria as archeabacteria do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
*Binary fission- bacteria’s process of reproduction where 1 becomes 2.
*Conjugation--exchanging DNA through a straw-like tube.
*Transformation—another method of transferring genes between bacteria.
*How do bacteria“eat”?1.) Autotrophic-
Photosynthetic and chemosynthetic2.) Heterotrophic-
*Consumers*Decomposers*Parasites
*Beneficial Bacteria
*Decomposers
*Nitrogen fixers
*Food
*Drugs -- insulin production
*Clean up oil spills
*Animal digestion and vitamins, including our own*Pathogenic- Not many bacteria are pathogenic— ONLY 1%!*Disease Transmission:*Water*Air*Food*Human/Animal/Insect Contact
*Tuberculosis
*Syphilis
*Bubonic Plague
*Typhus
*Tetanus
*Lyme Disease
*Antibiotics
*Antibiotic resistance
*Sanitizing--Antiseptics and Disinfectants
*Freezing
*Cooking
*Pasteurizing
*Dehydrating
*Vaccination
*Protists include many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae.
*The ‘junk-drawer’ kingdom!*There are animal-like, fungus-like, and plant-like
protists
*Most are unicellular and some are multicellular
*Are eukaryotic
*Some maintain a cell wall
*Some are beneficial and some are harmful*Amebic dysentery
*African Sleeping Sickness
*Malaria
*Protists can be heterotrophs or autotrophs
*Some move by pseudopods (fake feet) or by flagellum (whip-like structure) or by cilia (hair-like structures)
*The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms.
*Heterotrophic- break down dead organic material and continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems.
*All fungi are eukaryotic
*They may be unicellular or multicellular
*All fungi have a cell wall made of chitin
Unicellular (yeast)
Multicellular
*Fungi can be very helpful and delicious
*Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi
*Fungi accounts for the blue vein in blue cheese!
Penicillin
*Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases:
•Athlete's Foot
•Ringworm
*Fungi are stationary
*They have root-like structures that they use for attachment
*Multicellular autotrophs
*Cell walls of cellulose *complex carbohydrate
*Acquire energy by photosynthesis*Chloroplasts with
chlorophyll
*Chlorophyll reflects green part of visual spectrum
Main Groups:
Mosses (Bryophyte
s)
Ferns (Pteridophyt
es)
Conifers (Gymnosper
ms)
Flowering Plants
(Angiosperms)
Non-vascular
Vascular
*Simplest of all land dwelling plants
*Nonvascular (no “veins”)-lack an internal means for water transportation
*Do not produce seeds or flowers
-fertilization depends on water medium to get the sperm to the egg.
*Lack a woody tissue necessary for support and so are relatively short
* Internal transportation system enables plants to evolve into larger specimens. • Xylem – water carrying tubes • Phloem – sugar carrying tissues
*Cambium - cell division for xylem & phloem•Produce Seeds – protects and nourishes an embryo of the new plant
*Shoot system*Stem & branches
*Leaves
*Nodes & internodes
*Reproductive structures
*Root system*Primary roots
*Branch roots
*Growth at meristems
*Apical meristem
*”primary” growth (length)
*Lateral meristem = vascular cambium
*“secondary” growth (girth)
*Plant Tropisms
Phototrophism - growth toward light
*Plant Tropisms
Gravitropism – downward growth of roots
*Plant Tropisms
- Thigmotropism
– plants response when it comes
into contact with a solid object.
*General life cycle of sexually reproducing species.*Fertilization (zygote,
embyro, adult, 2n)
*Meiosis (gametes, eggs/sperm, 1n)
*Diploid sporophyte
*Haploid gametophyte*multicellular
*specialized cells become sperm or egg
42
*Plants often reproduce asexually*runners,
*rhizomes,
*tubers
*roots form new shoots
*fragmentation (willow)
*Used by nurseries to propagate varieties*ornamental plants (roses)
*fruit trees (apple, etc.)
Animalia Kingdom
All animals are:
-Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall -Heterotrophs
-Capable of movement at some point in their lives.
Criteria for Animal Classification *Skeletal Characteristics
*Invertebrates
have a hard external skeleton made of chitin known as an exoskeleton
*Vertebrates
have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage
*Kingdom
*Phylum*Class*Order
*Family
*Genus
*Species
Major phylums of animals are…
*PoriferaMulticellular organisms which have bodies full of pores and channels allowing
water to circulate through them.
*Sponges
*CnidariansCnidarians: : Soft-bodied, jelly-like animals with tentacles and venom glands. Includes: Hydra, Jellyfish, Anemones, and Coral.
Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers. . . Their stinger is called a nematocyst
*MollusksMollusksSoft-bodied animals that sometimes have a hard
shell *Clamps, oysters
*Snails, slugs
*Octopi, squid
*PlatyhelminthesSoft, flat-bodied worms
*Tapeworms & Liver Fluke & Planaria
*Hermaphrodites-fertilize their own sex cells internally then zygotes are released into water to hatch
Human liver fluke
*Annelids Segmented worms
*Worms & leeches
*EchinodermsOften spiny animals, with several "arms" reaching
out from the center of its body
*Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
*Arthropods“Jointed legged" animals.
Have an exoskeleton, meaning the skeleton is on the outside of the body
*Shell fish, arachnids & BUGS!
*ChordatesChordatesall other animals that have a backbone of some
form