Post on 16-Mar-2016
description
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/kuRkduhdh cqysfVu
[kqEc vuqla/kku funs’kky;¼¼¼¼¼Hkkjrh; d‘f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn½½½½½PkEck?kkV] lksyu & 173 213 ¼fg-iz-½
vks-ih- vgykor,e-ih- lkxj
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
Ekqfnzr % 2009] 1000 izfr;kWa
fgUnh vuqokn % Jherh jhrk HkkfV;k
fgUnh Vad.k % Jh lrsUnj dqekj Bkdqj o Jh nhi dqekj Bkdqj
Ikzdk’kd % funs’kd[kqEc vuqla/kku funs’kky;PkEck/kkV] lksyu & 173 213 ¼fg-iz-½] HkkjrnwjHkk"k % ¼01792½ 230451
QSDl % ¼01792½ 231207
bZ&esy % directordmr@gmail.com
Oksc lkbV % www.nrcmushroom.org
© [kqEc vuqla/kku funs’kky;] 2009
lokZf/kdkj lqjf{krA l{ke vf/kdkjh dh iwoZ fyf[kr vuqefr ds fcuk bl cqysfVu dk dksbZ Hkhva’k fdlh Hkh :Ik esa iquksZRikfnr] Nfovadu] vfHkys[ku vFkok fdlh vU; izdkj ls ifjjf{krvFkok iz{ksfir ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ii
eqnzd % ;qxkUrj izdk’ku izk- fy-MCy;w ,p&23, ek;kiqjh Qst+&I] ubZ fnYyh&110 064
nwjHkk"k% 011-28115949, 28116018
vuqØef.kdk
i"B la[;k
izkDdFku v
izLrkouk vii
1- ifjp; 1
2- LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh fo’ks"krk,a 4
3- LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls iqu% [kkn rS;kj djuk 9
4- LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds fofHkUu mi;ksx 19
¼d½ ckxokuh 29
¼[k½ vUu Qlysa 37
¼x½ [kqEc 38
¼?k½ jklk;fud rRoksa ls iznwf"kr feV~Vh dk tSfod mipkj 39
¼M-½ oehZ dEiksLV rS;kj djuk 44
¼p½ LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj&,d tSfod moZjd 45
¼N½ LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds }kjk chekfj;ksa dk izca/ku 46
5- lkjka’k 47
6- lanHkZ 49
iii
v
izkDdFku
Ek’k:e vius Lokfn"V rFkk iks"kd ewY;ksa ds dkj.k tkuh tkrh gSa] ijUrq e’k:e dh Qly
ysus ds Ik’pkr ’ks"k cpk gqvk iks"kk/kkj tksfd *LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS Hkh
,d cgqr egRoiw.kZ fo"k; gSA d‘f"k] eqxhZ QkeksZa rFkk m|ksxksa ls fudys O;FkZ ds feJ.k ls fu;af=r
[kehjhdj.k dh izfØ;k }kjk [kqEc iks"kk/kkj rS;kj dh tkrh gS rFkk loZizFke bldk mi;ksx
e’k:e mRiknu ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS vkSj Qly ysus ds Ik’pkr tks LisaV iks"kk/kkj izkIr gksrk
gS] mlesa tSfod [kkn ds lHkh xq.k fo/keku gksrs gSa tksfd vkxs iqu% [kkn cukus dh izfØ;k ds
nkSjku vkSj T;knk le‘) gks tkrs gSaA bldh iqu% [kkn izkd‘frd fo?kVu ;k fdlh Hkh vU;
izfØ;k ds }kjk cukbZ tkrh gSA iqu% fufeZr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn dks cgqr lh lfCt;ka
rFkk [kk|kUu Qlysa mxkusa ds fy, ,d vPNk mRiknd ek/;e ekuk x;k gSA blds iz;ksx ls
Qly dh iSnkokj rFkk xq.koÙkk esa cgqi{kh; lq/kkj ns[kk x;k gS rFkk blls chekfj;ksa dk izca/
ku Hkh gksrk gS tksfd okLro esa [kqEc m|ksx ds fy, mRlkgo/kZd gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh vU;
mi;ksfxrk,a tSls dsapqvk [kkn] tSfod mipkj rFkk tSfod&[kfut&moZjd ds :Ik esa ;g ns’k ds
d‘f"k iz.kkyh ds fy, ojnku lkfcr gks ldrk gSA eSa bl cqysfVUk ds ladyu rFkk lEiknu ds
fy, fd, x, iz;klksa rFkk esgur ds fy, ys[kdksa dh iz’kalk djrk gw¡ ftudh otg ls ;g
cqysfVUk fdlkuksa ds Lrj ij mi;ksx esa yk;k tk;sxkA eSa fdlkuksa dks Hkh izksRlkfgr djuk pkgw¡xk
fd os LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk mi;ksx lefUor [ksrh ds fy, ’kq: djsa rFkk d‘f"k O;FkZ tksfd
muds eq[; }kj ij gh miyC/k gSa] ls csgrj jktLo izkIr djsa rFkk LoPN okrkoj.k cuk;s j[kus
esa viuk ;ksxnku nsaA
funs’kd
[kqEc vuqla/kku funs’kky;]
pEck?kkV] lksyu&173 213 ¼fg-iz-½
vii
izLrkouk
Ek’k:e dh ,d iwjh Qly ysus ds Ik’pkr tks [kkn fudyrh gS] ftlls fd vkxs Qly ysuk
vykHkdkjh cu tkrk gS dks ^LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj* dgk tkrk gSA fofHkUu [kqEcksa ls fudyk gqvk
LisaV iks"kk/kkj viuh HkkSfrd] jklk;fud rFkk tSfod xq.kksa ds dkj.k fHkUu gksrk gS rFkk izR;sd
dh viuh fof’k"V mi;ksfxrk gksrh gSA cVu [kqEc ds iks"kk/kkj eas ukbVªkstu] QkWLQksjl rFkk
dSfY’k;e ds va’kksa ds fygkt ls iks"kdrk izpqj ek=k esa gksrh gS rFkk mPp /kuk;u vknku&iznku
{kerk gksus ds dkj.k] bls ckxokuh rFkk vUu Qlysa mxkus ds fy, xkscj dh [kkn ds cnys eas
mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA dsapqvk [kkn rS;kj djus ds fy, LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk mi;ksx
vkgkj inkFkZ ds :Ik esa] ikS/k O;kf/k izcU/ku eas] tSfod [kfut moZjd rS;kj djus esa rFkk iznwf"kr
feêh dk tSfod mipkj djus eas Hkh LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl
le; ns’k ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa fdlku blls [kkn ds :Ik esa fofHkUu Qlysa mxkus ds fy, mi;ksx
dj jgs gSa] ijUrq oSKkfud vk¡dM+ksa ds vHkko esa os okafNr ykHk izkIr ugha dj ik jgs gSaA LisaV
[kqEc iks"kk/kkj mi;ksx ds voSKkfud rjhdksa dh otg ls dbZ leL;k,¡ mRiUu gks jgh gSaA blls
feV~Vh esa yo.kksa dk laxzg.k gksrk gS rFkk dqN Qlyksa ij gkfudkjd izHkko iM+rk gSA ns’k dh
cM+h [kqEc bdkbZ;ksa esa ls ,d ^,xzks Mp fyfefVM* ykyM+w ¼iatkc½] yk[kksa Vuksa ds fglkc ls LisaV
[kqEc iks"kk/kkj mRiUu djrk gS] ftldk mi;ksx O;kid rkSj ij vklikl ds {ks=ksa esa feV~Vh dh
fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy, fd;k tk jgk gSA ;|fi ns’k rFkk fons’k esa dh xbZ vuqla/kku
miyfC/k;ksa ls ;g lkfcr gks pqdk gS fd LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk fofHkUu [ksrh dh fØ;kvksa esa
mi;ksx djus ls ykHk gksrk gS ijUrq fo’ks"kdj d‘f"k leqnk;ksa ds fy, blds mi;ksx fo"k; ij
dksbZ ladfyr lwpuk fgUnh Hkk"kk eas vHkh rd miyC/k ugha gSA
bl cqysfVu esa vf/kdka’k egRoiw.kZ igyqvksa ij tkudkjh feyrh gS tSls&LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj
ds y{k.k] fofHkUu [ksrh dh fØ;kvksa ds fy, bldk iqu%pØ.k ¼lfCt;ksa@vUu Qlyksa ds fy,
[kkn] cVu [kqEc ds fy, dsflax inkFkZ] dsapqvk [kkn] tSfod&[kfut&moZjd rFkk ikni jksx
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
viii
izca/ku½ rFkk iznwf"kr feV~Vh dk tSfod mipkjA bl cqysfVUk esa dqN vkSj igyqvksa ij Hkh ppkZ
dh xbZ gS tSls fd LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh ek=k fdruh gksuh pkfg,] Qly dh iSnkokj rFkk
xq.koRrk ij bldk izHkko rFkk fcekfj;ksa dh fLFkfr dk fp=h; izLrqrhdj.kA ge vk’kk djrs
gSa fd bl cqysfVu esa tks tkudkjh nh xbZ gS og fuf’pr :Ik ls oSKkfud rFkk d‘f"k leqnk;ksa
dks izcq) cuk,xh rFkk lgh fof/k ls [kkn dk iqu% fuekZ.k rFkk LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds mi;ksx
ds laca/k esa tkudkjh nsxhA
gesa vius lgdfeZ;ksa ls yxkrkj lgk;rk rFkk leh{kkRed lykg feyh] ftldh otg ls bl
cqysfVUk dk izdk’ku laHko gks ik;k gSA muds }kjk nh xbZ lgk;rk fuf’pr :i ls iz’kaluh;
gS ijUrq buesa ls Vad.k rFkk fgUnh vuqokn ds fy, Jh lrsanj Bkdqj rFkk Jherh jhrk }kjk
fd;k x;k dk;Z cgqr ljkguh; gSA var esa Mk- vkj-ih- frokjh] iwoZ funs’kd] jk"Vªh; [kqEc
vuqla/kku dsUnz ls gesa yxkrkj izksRlkgu feyk] ftUgksaus OkLrqr% gesa ,sls dk;Z ds fy, izsfjr fd;k
ftlesa vR;kf/kd le; yxuk FkkA ge Hkkjrh; d`f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn] fnYyh dk Hkh vkHkkj
O;Dr djrs gSa ftUgksaus dh ,Mgksd Ldhe ^LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh izkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk ’kks/ku ftlls
dh feV~Vh dk lq/kkj rFkk ck;ksmipkj fd;k tk lds* dks /ku iznku fd;k] ftlds rgr cgqr
lk vuqla/kku dk;Z fd;k x;kA ,d ckj iqu% ge mu lHkh dk /kU;okn djrs gSa ftUgksaus dh
izR;{k rFkk vizR;{k :Ik ls gesa ;s cqysfVUk fudkyus esa lgk;rk dh gSA
vkseizdk’k vgykor
[kqEc vuqla/kku funs’kky;]
pEck?kkV] lksyu&173 213 ¼fg-iz-½
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
1
v/;k;&I
Ikfjp;
fofHkUUk izdkj dh [kk| e’k:eksa dks mxkus
ds fy, ikS/kksa ds vo’ks"k dks cqfu;knh iks"kk/kkj
ds :Ik esa mi;ksx eas yk;k tkrk gSA e’k:e
mRiknu ,d okrkoj.k fgrs"kh fØ;k gS D;ksafd
blesa d‘f"k] ckxokuh] eqxhZ ikyu] czwvjh bR;kfn
ls izkIr vo’ks"kksa dks iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA
;}fi [kqEc dh Qly ysus ds Ik’pkr iz;qDr
iks"kk/kkj dks ckgj okrkoj.k esa Qsadus ds
dkj.k fofHkUu izdkj dh Ik;kZoj.kh; leL;ka,
mRiUu gks ldrh gSa ftlesa Hkwfexr ty iznwf"kr
gksuk] xanxh rFkk nqxZa/k QSyuk ’kkfey gSaA tc
[kkn ¼dEiksLV½ ls [kqEc dh ,d iw.kZ Qly ys
yh tkrh gS rFkk ml ij vkxs [kqEc mxkuk
ykHkdkjh ugh gksrk gS rks ,slh iz;qDr [kkn
¼dEiksLV½ dks LisaV iks"kk/kkj eku ysrs gSaA [kqEc
m|ksx dks izR;sd o"kZ mi;ksx eas ykbZ xbZ yxHkx
50 fefy;u Vu ls vf/kd [kkn dks fBdkus
yxkus dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA gky gh eas LisaV
dEiksLV ;k LisaV e’k:e iks"kk/kkj dks ,d vfr
mi;qDr ’kCn ^^iksLV e’k:e iks"kk/kkj** ls
cny fn;k x;k gS D;ksafd ;g O;FkZ ugha gS
rFkk u;s izdkj ds lw{ethfo;ksa }kjk mi;ksx eas
yk;s tkus ;ksX; gSA [kqEc iks"kk/kkj vo’ks"k dh
cM+h <sfj;k¡ fuokZ;q gks tkrh gSa rFkk nqxZa/k nsrh
gSaA bu <sjh;ksa ls ikuh dk fjlko utnhd ds
ty lzksrksa dks iznwf"kr djrk gSA lk/kkj.kr;k
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls mRiUu Ik;kZoj.kh;
nq"ifj.kke dks lksaps fcuk gh bls O;FkZ le>
dj Qsad fn;k tkrk gS ¼fp=&1½A gky gh ds
o"kksaZ esa Ik;kZoj.kh; dkuwuksa us [kqEc mRikndksa
dks LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks dqN vU; lkSgknZiw.kZ
rjhdksa ls O;ofLFkr djus ds fy, ck/; fd;k
gSA lkFk gh dhVuk’kdkas rFkk jklk;fud [kknksa
fp=&1
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
2
ds cqjs izHkkoksa ds dkj.k tSo vo’ks"kksa rFkk
[kknksa dh ek¡x esa dbZ xq.kk c<+kSÙkjh gqbZ gSA
fo’o esa fd;s x;s vuqla/kku dk;kZs ls ;g
lkfcr gks pqdk gS fd LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa
,d vPNh tSfod [kkn ds xq.k ekStwn gksrs gSa]
ftlls vukt] Qyksa] lfCt;ksa rFkk ltkoVh
ikS/kksa dh LoLFk Qly mxkbZ tk ldrh gSA
blds vfrfjDr ;g jklk;uksa ls iznwf"kr Hkwfe
dks d‘f"k ;ksX; cukus dh {kerk Hkh j[krk gSA
;|fi tSfod [kk|kUu dk mRiknu djus ds
fy, xkscj dh [kkn dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
jgk gS] ijUrq bldh vYi miyC/krk dh otg
ls cM+s iSekus ij tSfod Qlyksa dk mRiknu
djus eas dfBukbZ lkeus vkrh jgh gSA
lkSHkkX;o’k] LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa cgqr
lh ,slh visf{kr fo’ks"krka, ekStwn gksrh gaS
ftuds dkj.k bldk mi;ksx xkscj dh [kkn
¼,Q-okbZ-,e-½ ds cnys esa tSfod Qly mxkus
ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk lkFk&lkFk
i;kZoj.k dk Hkh izca/ku fd;k tk ldrk gSA
iz;ksxksa ij vk/kkfjr vkWadM+ksa ¼rkfydk&1½ ls
;g irk pyrk gS fd [kqEcksa dks fofHkUu
iks"kk/kkjksa ij mxkus ls LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkjksa esa
dPph izksVhu rFkk dPph jk[k ds va’kksa eas o‘f)
gksrh gSA blds vfrfjDr izk;ksfxd n’kkvksa eas
dPph izksVhu dh ikpu {kerk eas Hkh o‘f) gksrh
gS ¼>Sax rFkk lg;ksxh] 1995½A
Rkkfydk 1. ekxZ n’kZd iSekus ij Bksl voLFkk [kehjhdj.k ¼lkWfyM LVsV QjesaVs;’ku½ dk LisaV [kqEciks"kk/kkj ek/;e ds va’kks ij izHkko
Ekk/;e 35 izfr’kr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds lkFk
IywjksVl vkWLVªsVl ySafVuwyk bMksMl
fu;af=r [kehjhd‘r fu;af=r [kehjhd‘r
dPpk izksVhu ¼izfr’kr ’kq-Hkk-½ 24.1 32.3 28.4 36.7
dPpk jslk ¼izfr’kr ’kq-Hkk-½ 14.8 10.2 13.3 9.8
dPph jk[k ¼izfr’kr ’kq-Hkk-½ 6.5 9.0 6.3 9.3
dPps izksVhu dh lqikP;rk ¼izfr’kr ’kq-Hkk-½ 64.2 67.8 68.7 70.1
’kq-Hkk- & ’kq"d Hkkj lzksr%& >Sax rFkk lg;ksxh (1995)
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
3
eq[;r% LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds mPp iks"kd
Lrj] mPp /kuk;u fofue; {kerk rFkk eUn
[kfuthdj.k nj ds dkj.k blls d‘f"k esa mi;ksx
ykus gsrq iks"kd rRoksa dk vPNk lzksr ekuk x;k
gSA blds vfrfjDr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa 45
izfr’kr ikuh gksrk gS rFkk ;g Hkkj eas gYdk
gksrk gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds fofo/k mi;ksxksa
dks ns[krs gq, ,d vfrvko’;d t:jr eglwl
dh xbZ fd LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls lEcfU/kr
leLr miyC/k tkudkjh tks LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj dh fo’ks"krkvksa] vklikl ds okrkoj.k
ij bldk izHkko rFkk fo’ks"kdj fdlkuksa ds
ykHk gsrq blds fofHkUu mi;ksx ls lacf/kr gS
dks ladfyr fd;k tk,A bl cqysfVu esa tc
rd Li"V ugha fd;k tkrk rc rd] LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj ;k i’p [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks ’osr cVu
[kqEc dh Qly ysus ds Ik’pkr cpk gqvk
vo’ks"k gh le>k tk;sA
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
4
v/;k;&II
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh fo’ks"krk;sa
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa izkd`frd fo?kVu lsigys lk/kkj.kr;k ukbVªkstu] QkLQksjl rFkkdSfY’k;e dk vuqikr 1.9:0.4:2.4 izfr’krgksrk gS rFkk 8-16 eghuksa rd ds izkd`frdfo?kVu ds Ik’pkr] ;g vuqikr 1.9:0.6:1.0
gks tkrk gSA ukbVªkstu rFkk QkLQksjl izkd`frdfo?kVu ds nkSjku /kqydj u"V ugha gksrs gSaijUrq iksVkf’k;e vf/kd ?kqyu’khy gksus dsdkj.k dkQh ek=k eas O;FkZ pyh tkrh gSA¼vkd`fr&1½ ¼xqIrk ,ao lg;ksxh] 2004½A
ukyksa dh xUnxh dh vis{kk LisaV [kqEcikss"kk/kkj esa Hkkjh /kkrq,a vis{kkd‘r de ek=k esagksrh gSa] ftlds dkj.k bldk Js.khdj.k [krjukdinkFkZ esa ugha gksrk gS ¼osLV ,ao Qsg] 1991½izkd`frd fo?kVu ds nkSjku tSo inkFkksZa ds va’kksa¼ifjorZu’khy Bksl½ essa eUn nj ls deh vkrhgS rFkk yxkrkj py jgh lw{ethoh fØ;kvksadh otg ls fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dsfofHkUu xq.kksa esa cnyko vkrk gSA fofHkUuO;olkf;d e’k:e QkeksZ ls ,d= fd;s x;s
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
6 9
12
24
36
48
Duration of weathering (months)
Un
it(p
pm
/%/g
/cm
3)
Bulk Density
(g/cm3)
Water Holding
Capacity (%)
Nitrogen (%)
Phosphorus
(%)
Potassium
(ppm)
vkdfr 1
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
5
LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj ds v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gSfd dSfY’k;e] cksjku] dkWij o ftad dks NksM+djvU; rRoksa esa ifjorZu ’khyrk xq.kakd 25% lsde gksrk gSA iSuflYokfu;k LVsV e’k:evuqla/kku iz;ksx’kkyk esa fd, x, uohurev/;;u ds eqrkfcd] LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dsjklk;fud rFkk HkkSfrd xq.kksa esa igys 1991 esaosLV ,ao Qsg }kjk fd;s x;s v/;;u ls FkksM+hfofHkUurk dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ¼QksDl ,aodksjksoj] 1999½ rFkk bldh rqyuk rkfydk&2 easn’kkZbZ xbZ gSA
fofHkUu lzksrksa ls izkIr LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkjesa lk/kkj.kr;k pkydrk 1.9 ls 8.3 feyhegksaizfr lsa-eh- ds chp gksrh gSA LisaV [kqEcikss"kk/kkj esa DyksjkbM rRo dh ek=k 1.5 ls 7.5
fd-xzk- izfr Vu rd gksrh gS rFkk lgh izdkjls lM+h gqbZ LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj esa ;g dsoy294 ih-ih-,e- jg tkrh gSA LisaV [kqEcikss"kk/kkj esa DyksjkbM rRo dh ek=k [kkn cukusds nkSjku bLrseky esa ykbZ xbZ eqxhZ dh [kkn dsLrj ij fuHkZj djrh gSA rktk rFkk fo?kfVrLisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj ds ih-,p- ds ckjs easfojks/kkHkk"k gSA osLV o Qsg ¼1991½ ds vuqlkj]LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj eas ’kq:vkr eas ih- ,p-7.28 ds vklikl gksrk gS tks fo?kVu izfØ;kds nkSjku c<+rk gS] MsoksukYM ¼1987½ us rkt+sLisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dk ih- ,p- 7.01 ls
8.04 ds e/; crk;k gSA blds foijhr] pksaxo lg;ksxh ¼1988½ us LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dkih- ,p- eku ’kq:vkr eas 7.9 o fo?kVu gksusij ?kVdj 7.0 crk;k gSA
le; ds lkFk LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dkvk;ru Hkh ?kVrk gSA LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dk6 lIrkg rd v/k[kqys Mªeksa esa fo?kVu djus lsblds ?kuRo ifjek.k ¼cYd MsfUlVh½ esa 0.256
xzke izfr ?ku lsa-eh- ls 0.293 xzke izfr ?kulsa-eh- rd c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gSA
LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dk fo?kVu rFkk bllsmRlftZr jklk;u %& LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj esadkQh ek=k es yo.k rFkk vU; rRo ik;s tkrsgSa tks ikS/kksa dh o‘f) ds fy, uqdlkunk;d gksrsgSa rFkk d‘f"k vFkok ckxokuh fØ;kvksa ds ;ksX;cukus ds fy, LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dks bugkfudkjd jklk;uks ls eqDr djuk vko’;dgksrk gSA LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dks mi;qDrxq.koÙkk ;qDr [kkn esa cnyus gsrq bls izkd‘frdtyok;qoh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa tSls&ifjorZu’khyrkieku rFkk cjlkr esa [kqyk NksM+ nsrs gSa] ftlsLisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dk fo?kVu ¼vi{k;.k½dgk tkrk gSA fo|Vu LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dsxq.kksa esa visf{kr lq/kkj ykrk gSA ijUrq lkFk ghbl fØ;k ds nkSjku LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj ls?kqyu’khy ukbVªsV rFkk vU; ikss"kd rRoksa dk
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
6
Rkkfydk 2. fofHkUu v/;;uksa esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa ik;s x;s rRoksa dh ek=k
rRo bdkbZ osLV rFkk Qsg http/aginto.psu.edu/psa/
sgg/mushroom5.html
Rkktk LisaV 8&16 eghus Rkktk LisaV 16 eghus iqjkuhdEiksLV iqjkuh vi{kf;r dEiksLV ¼Js.kh½ vi{kf;r LisaV¼vkSlr½ LisaV dEiksLV ¼vkSlr½ dEiksLV ¼vkSlr½
lksfM;e % ’kq"d Hkkj 0.72 0.22 0.21-0.363 0.06
iksVkf’k;e % ’kq"d Hkkj 2.35 1.03 1.93-2.58 0.43
eSxfuf’k;e % ’kq"d Hkkj 0.71 0.91 0.45-0.82 0.88
dSfY’k;e % ’kq"d Hkkj 4.93 6.16 3.63-5.15 6.72
,sY;wfefu;e % ’kq"d Hkkj 0.40 0.80 0.17-0.28 0.58
yksgk % ’kq"d Hkkj 0.44 0.92 0.18-0.34 0.58
QkLQksjl % ’kq"d Hkkj 0.36 0.55 0.45-0.69 0.84
veksfu;k % ’kq"d Hkkj 0.11 0.03 0.06-0.24 0.00
tSfod ukbVªkstu % ’kq"d Hkkj 1.83 1.89 1.25-2.15 2.72
dqy ukbVªkstu % ’kq"d Hkkj 1.93 1.92 1.42-2.05 2.72
Bksl % ’kq"d Hkkj 43.39 49.43 33.07-40.26 53.47
Okk I’khy Bksl % ’kq"d Hkkj 62.78 44.29 52.49-72.42 54.24
ih-,p- Ekkud bdkbZ 7.28 8.05 5.8-7.7 7.1
EkSXuht ih-ih-,e- 332.92 438.62 ugha tkapk ugha tkapk’kq"d Hkkj
rkWack ih-ih-,e- 46.26 61.68 ugha tkapk ugha tkapk’kq"d Hkkj
tLrk ih-ih-,e- 103.88 136.41 ugha tkapk ugha tkapk’kq"d Hkkj
Lkhlk ih-ih-,e- 14.89 18.17 ugha tkapk ugha tkapk’kq"d Hkkj
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
7
gkzl gks tkrk gSA [ksrksa esa fo|Vu dh izfØ;kds nkSjku ?kqyu’khy rRo feV~Vh ds vUnj pystkrs gSa ¼vkd`fr 2 o 3½A 24 eghus iqjkuhizkd‘frd fof/k ls fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkjdh 3 vkSj 5 QqV m¡ph <sjh ls fudyus okysikuh ds ?kksy eas 0.8-11.0 xzke izfr yhVj?kqyu’khy dkcZfud dkcZu ¼vkd`fr&4½] 0.1
ls 2.0 xzke izfr yhVj ?kqyu’khy dkcZfudukbVªkstu rFkk dkcZfud yo.k ik;s tkrs gSaAih-,p- eku] fo|qr pkydrk rFkk vEyh;
fu izHkko {kerk dh ek=k Øe’k% 6.6 ls 9.0]21 ls 66 MSlh fleu izfr oxZ eh- rFkk 10
ls 75 fe- eksy izfr yhVj gksrh gSA
LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj ls fudyus okys ikuhds ?kksy esa vk;u ds :i eas iksVkf’k;e] DyksjhurFkk lYQsV eq[; vdkcZfud rRo gksrs gSaA 24
ekg iqjkuh LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dh 5 QqV ÅWaphfo|fVr <sjh ls yxHkx 2.8 fd-xzk- ?kqyu’khydkcZfud dkcZu] 0.7 fd-xzk- ?kqyu’khy dkcZfud
rRo bdkbZ osLV rFkk Qsg http/aginto.psu.edu/psa/
sgg/mushroom5.html
Rkktk LisaV 8&16 eghus Rkktk LisaV 16 eghus iqjkuhdEiksLV iqjkuh vi{kf;r dEiksLV ¼Js.kh½ vi{kf;r LisaV¼vkSlr½ LisaV dEiksLV ¼vkSlr½ dEiksLV ¼vkSlr½
Øksfe;e ih-ih-,e- 8.53 11.31 ugha tkapk ugha tkapk’kq"d Hkkj
Ikkjk ih-ih-,e- 0.07 0.19 ugha tkapk ugha tkapk’kq"d Hkkj
fudy ih-ih-,e- 11.93 15.74 ugha tkapk ugha tkapk’kq"d Hkkj
dSMfe;e ih-ih-,e- 0.43 0.32 ugha tkapk ugha tkapk’kq"d Hkkj
ukbVªkstu& ih-ih-,e- 1.9-0.4-2.4 1.9-0.6-1.0 1.8-0.6-2.2 2.7-0.8-0.4
QkLQksjl& ’kq"d HkkjdSfY’k;evuqikr
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
8
vkdfr 2 vkdfr 3
vkdfr 4
ukbVªkstu rFkk 13.6 fd-xzk- vdkcZfud yo.kfudyrs gSa] tcfd 3 QqV Å¡ph <sjh ls yxHkx3.0 fd-xzk- ?kqyu’khy dkcZfud dkcZu] 1.6
fd-xzk- ?kqyu’khy dkcZfud ukbVªkstu rFkk 26.6
fd-xzk- vdkcZfud yo.k fudyrs gSaA 5 QqVdh <sjh] 3 QqV dh <sjh dh vis{kk T;knk ikuhlekdj j[krh gS rFkk de ’kq) ukbVªhfQds’kuiznf’kZr djrh gSA feV~Vh dh Åijh 3 QqVlrg esa 20 ls 89 izfr’kr ?kqyu’khy rRo jgtkrs gSa rFkk 5 QqV dh <sjh dh vis{kk 3 QqVdh <sjh eas T;knk izHkkoh fo?kVu gksrk gS ¼xqvkso lg;ksxh] 2001½A fo?kVu ds nkSjku gok dhmifLFkfr fo?kVu dh izfØ;k dks rst djrh gSrFkk LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj esa tSfod fØ;kvksa dsle; dks ?kVkrh gSA
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
9
v/;k;&III
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls iqu% [kkn rS;kj djuk
v/;;uksa ds vuqlkj] LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj
tSo inkFkksZa ls ifjiw.kZ gksrk gS rFkk bldh otg
ls ;g feV~Vh esa iks"kd rRoksa dh c<ksÙkjh djrk
gS] vEyh; feV~Vh dks mnklhu djus esa lgk;rk
djrk gS rFkk catj feV~Vh esa ikS/kksa dh o‘f) esa
lgk;d gksrk gSA dqN ekeyksa eas] ;g ikuh dh
xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ykus ds lkFk&lkFk vkS|ksfxd
LFkyksa ds ikl dh iznwf"kr feV~Vh dk mipkj
Hkh djrk gS ¼vkd`fr&5½A LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj
dks [kkn ds :Ik esa mi;ksx djus gsrq] bldh
HkkSfrd o jklk;fud fo’ks"krkvksa esa lq/kkj ykus
ds fy, fuEufyf[kr fof/k;ksa ls ,d vPNh
xq.koÙkkiqjd [kkn rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSA
1- [kkn rS;kj djus dh fof/k;k¡
¼d½ izkd‘frd fo?kVu
izkd‘frd fo?kVu dh izfØ;k esa 5 ?ku QqV
xgjs dPps xM~<s esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks
Åij rd Hkj fn;k tkrk gS] fQj bls izkd‘frd
rjhds ls lM+us&xyus ls [kkn rS;kj gksus dh
izfØ;k ds fy, vxys nks o"kksZa rd NksM+ fn;ktkrk gSA ¼fp=&2½
fp=&2
¼[k½ ok;qthoh ¼ok;qoh½ fo?kVu
lcls igys O;ZFk ydM+h ds VqdM+ksa dhlgk;rk ls 5 ?ku QqV xgjs dPps xM~<s ds/kjkry ij fNnz ;qDr ¼f>jhnkj½ lrg rS;kjdh tkrh gS ¼fp=&3½A xM~<s ds fNnz ;qDr rydks okrkoj.kh; gok ls nksuksa fljksa ls [kqyhrFkk 2 bap O;kl okyh [kks[kyh IykfLVd dhikbiksa }kjk 1 QqV ds varjky ij yacr% tksM+ktkrk gSA [kks[kyh IykfLVd dh ikbi esa 15 ls-
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
10
l
vkS|ksfx
d O;FkZ
[ksrh O;FkZ
eqxhZ QkeZ O;FkZ
tSfod
O;FkZ laxzg
e’k:e
mRiknu
lq{et
hoh izksVhu
vkgkj
enk L
okLFk;
lq/kkj
pkjk
i’kq pkjk
ey e`nk
tSo m
ipkj
tSfod
[ksrh
ck;ks
xSlchekjh fu;
a=.k
bZa/ku
dfe i
kyu
rFkk
dfe [
kkn
LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj
e’k:e
mRiknu
voe
y
vkdfr 5
. LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj d
k iqu
%pØ.k
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
11
eh- ds varjky ij 0.5 bap O;kl ds Nsan cusgksrs gSaA blds mijkUr xM~<s dks LisaV [kqEciks"kk/kkj ls yckyc Hkjdj yxHkx 2 o"kZ dhvof/k rd [kkn rS;kj gksus ds fy, NksM+ fn;ktkrk gSaA ¼fp=&4½
yckyc Hkjdj Åij ls 1 ls 1-1/2 QqV eksVh
lk/kkj.k feV~Vh dh ijr ls <d fn;k tkrk gS
rkfd fuZok;qoh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu gksa ldsarFkk bls ;Fkkor 2 o"kZ ds fy, NksM+ fn;k
tkrk gSA
2- LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls iqu% fufeZr [kknds HkSkfrd&jklk;fud xq.k
¼d½ f<+xjh o iqvky [kqEcksa ls izkIr LisaV [kqEciks"kk/kkj ls fufeZr [kkn ds HkSkfrd ojklk;fud xq.k
iqvky [kqEc ls izkIr LisaV iks"kk/kkj dk ih-
,p- eku 8.82 ls 9.16 ds e/; ik;k x;k gS
tcfd f<+xjh [kqEc ds LisaV iks"kk/kkj eas ;g
6.51 ls 7.69 ds e/; gksrk gSA f<+xjh [kqEcds LisaV iks"kk/kkj dh rqyuk eas] iqvky [kqEc ds
LisaV iks"kk/kkj eas fo|qr pkydrk eku] dqy
?kqyu’khy Bksl inkFkZ o ukbVªkstu dh ek=k
de gksrh gSA f<+xjh [kqEc ds LisaV iks"kk/kkj eas
ukbVªkstu dh ek=k ¼1.82%½ iqvky [kqEc ds
LisaV iks"kk/kkj eas ekStwn ukbVªkstu ¼1.06 ls
1.46%½ dh rqyuk eas vf/kd ik;h tkrh gSA
vU; iks"kd rRo tSls dkcZfud ¼tSfod½ dkcZu
o QkWLQsV] iqvky [kqEc ds LisaV iks"kk/kkj eas
T;knk gksrs gSaA ;|fi iksVkf’k;e] eSXuhf’k;e o
fp=&3
fp=&4.
¼x½ fuZok;qthoh ¼fuZok;qoh½ fo?kVu
fuZok;qthoh fo?kVu izfØ;k esa 5 ?ku QqVxgjs dPps xM~<s dks LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
12
dSfY’k;e dh ek=k bu nksuksa izdkj ds LisaV
iks"kk/kkjksa eas cjkcj gksrh gSA [kqEc mRiknu gsrq
iks"kk/kkj rS;kj djus eas iz;qDr vo;oksa o
iks"kk/kkj rS;kj djus dh fof/k dk nksuksa izdkj
ds LisaV iks"kk/kkjksa ds xq.kksa ij izHkko iM+rk gSA
¼[k½ iqu% fufeZr [kkn cukus dh izfØ;k dkf<axjh] cVu rFkk iqvky [kqEcksa ls izkIrLisaV iks"kk/kkj ds HkkSfrd&jklk;fud xq.kksaij izHkko
LisaV iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn cukus dh izfØ;kdh vof/k eas c<+ksÙkjh gksus ds lkFk mijksDrlHkh [kqEcksa ds LisaV iks"kk/kkj dk ih-,p- ?kVrkgS] tcfd fo/kqr pkydrk dsoy f<+xjh rFkk
iqvky [kqEc ds LisaV iks"kk/kkj esa c<+rh gS]ijUrq cVu [kqEc ds iks"kk/kkj esa ;g ughac<+rh gSA lHkh izdkj dh [kqEcksa ds LisaViks"kk/kkj dh lHkh fof/k;ksa ls [kkn cukus dsnkSjku] ukbVªkstu] lja/kzrk] ty /kkj.k {kerk]dqy ?kqyu’khy vkWDlhtu rFkk lw{e thfo;ksa
dh ek=k c<+rh gSA lHkh izdkj ds [kqEcksa dsLisaV iks"kk/kkj esa le; ds lkFk QkWLQksjl]iksVkf’k;e] lksfM;e] dSfY’k;e] dkcZu] ukbVªsV]dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl inkFkZ] d.k ?kuRo rFkkifjek.k ?kuRo dh ek=k ?kVrh gSA LisaV [kqEciks"kk/kkj dks iqu% fo?kfVr dj [kkn cukus dh
izfØ;k fofHkUu izdkj ds QaQwn uk’kd] dhV
uk’kd rFkk Hkkjh /kkrqvksa ds vo’ks"k Lrj
¼jsT;wMw;y ysoy½ dks ?kVkus eas vge Hkwfedk
fuHkkrh gSA rkts LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa
dkcsZUMkfte ¼csfoLVhu½ rFkk MsYVkesFkjhu ¼Msfll½
ds dqN va’k ik;s tkrs gSa ijUrq N% eghus iqjkuh
fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa buds va’k ugha
ik;s tkrs gSaA
¼x½ cVu [kqEc LisaV iks"kk/kkj ls fufeZr[kkn ds xq.k
i½ izkd‘frd vi{kf;r ¼fo?kfVr½
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds vi{k;.k ds nkSjku
fy, x, fofHkUu uewukas esa ih-,p- dk eku
6.72 ¼ukS ekg ckn½ ls 7.50 ¼48 ekg ckn½
ds e/; gksrk gSA le; ds lkFk pkydrk
?kVrh gS rFkk ;g 0.24 fe-yh- fleal izfr
ls-eh- ¼48 ekg iqjkus uewuksa eas½ de ls de
o 6.22 fe-yh-fleal izfr ls-eh- vf/kdre
¼6 ekg iqjkus uewusa eas½ ds e/; gksrh gSA LisaV
[kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds vi{k;.k ds le; ?kqyu’khy
vkWDlhtu Lrj rFkk ifjek.k ?kuRo yxHkx
,d leku gh jgrk gSA le; ds lkFk d.k
?kuRo ?kVrk gS tks U;wure 1.03 xzk-izfr ?ku
ls-eh-] 48 ekg iqjkus uewuksa eas o vf/kdre
2.50 xzk-izfr ?ku ls-eh-] 12 ekg iqjkus uewusa
eas gksrk gSA fofHkUu vk;q ds uewuksa eas lja/kzrk
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
13
rFkk ty /kkj.k {kerk Øe’k% 14.50 ls 26.20
izfr’kr rFkk 28.00 ls 41.00 izfr’kr ds e/
; fopj.k djrh gSA vi{k;.k ds le;ukbVªkstu] QkWLQksjl] dkcZu rFkk dSfY’k;e
yxkrkj ?kVrs jgrs gSaA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dsfdlh Hkh uewus esa lksfM;e rFkk lhlk ¼ySM½
ugha gksrk gSA fofHkUu vk;q ds LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds uewuksa esa ukbVªsV va’k 12.80 ih-ih-,e-¼6 ekg iqjkus uewuksa eas½ ls 1.95 ih-ih-,e-¼48 ekg iqjkus uewuksa eas½ ds e/; gksrk gSA
¼rkfydk&3½
Rkkfydk 3. fofHkUu vof/k;ksa rd vi{kf;r LisaV cVu [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds HkkSfrd&jklk;fud xq.k
Ø-l- xq.k@rRo LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds fofHkUu vof/k;ksa dsfo?kVu ds ckn xq.k ¼eghusa½
6 9 12 24 36 48
1. Ikh-,p- 7.30 6.72 7.20 7.45 6.90 7.50
2. Pkkydrk ¼fe-fleal lssa-eh--1½ 6.22 0.95 2.73 2.94 3.34 0.24
3. dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 2.70 0.462 2.03 0.14 1.72 0.11
4. ?kqyu’khy vkWDlhtu ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 0.64 0.54 0.56 0.64 0.63 0.84
5. ifjek.k ¼cYd½ ?kuRo ¼xzk-ls-eh--3½ 0.69 0.71 0.62 0.75 0.75 0.73
6. d.k ?kuRo ¼xzk-ls-eh--3½ 1.20 2.00 2.50 1.57 1.20 1.03
7. Lkja/kzrk ¼izfr’kr½ 25.80 14.50 15.20 15.90 20.80 26.20
8. Tky/kkj.k {kerk ¼izfr’kr½ 41.00 30.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 38.00
9. ukbVªkstu ¼izfr’kr½ 2.73 1.96 2.90 1.45 1.70 0.70
10. QkWLQksjl ¼izfr’kr½ 0.31 0.20 0.20 0.17 0.16 0.10
11. iksVkf’k;e ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 31.40 0.00 11.70 0.00 16.00 0.00
12. dkcZu ¼izfr’kr½ 2.51 1.46 1.46 0.84 0.45 0.41
13. lksfM;e ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
14. dSfY’k;e ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 0.56 0.58 0.41 0.34 0.52 0.27
15. Lkhlk ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
16. DyksjkbM ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 46.50 0.86 20.00 1.45 14.10 1.54
17. ukbVªsV ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 12.80 4.31 9.90 2.43 8.92 1.95
¼xqIrk o lg;ksxh] 2004½
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
14
ii) cVu [kqEc LisaV iks"kk/kkj dks xM~<s esaxykdj fufeZr [kkn
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh 5 ?ku QqV xgjsxM~<s esa cukbZ xbZ [kkn ds xq.kksa eas fo?kVu ds
fy, [kqys esa NksM+h xbZ [kkn ds eqdkcys vf/kdfofHkUurk gSA [kkn fuekZ.k ds ’kq:vkr ls 30
fnu ds Ik’pkr ih-,p-] fo|qr pkydrk] d.k?kuRo] lja/kzrk rFkk dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl inkFkkZsaesa vPNh [kklh deh vkrh gSA ifjek.k ?kuRorFkk ty /kkj.k {kerk 180 fnuksa rd yxkrkj
,d leku jgrh gSA ukbVªkstu] QkWLQksjl rFkkiksVkf’k;e rRo 30 fnuksa dh [kkn izfØ;k dsIk’pkr c<+rs gSa tcfd dkcZu] lksfM;e DyksjkbM]dSfY’k;e rFkk ukbVªsV ?kVrs gSaA [kkn fuekZ.kizfdz;k ds ’kq:vkr ds 180 fnuksa ds nkSjku]
fo|qr pkydrk] dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl inkFkkZsa]
ifjek.k ?kuRo] lja/kzrk] ty /kkj.k {kerk rFkk
iksVkf’k;e] dkcZu] lksfM;e] dSfY’k;e] DyksjkbM
o ukbVªsV ds va’kksa esa lkFkZd ifjorZu vkrs gSa
¼rkfydk&4½
iii) cVu [kqEc LisaV iks"kk/kkj ls fofHkUurjhdksa }kjk fufeZr [kkn
lHkh izdkj dh [kkn fuekZ.k fof/k;ksa esa
igys ih-,p- c<+rk gS rFkk 30 fnu ds
Ik’pkr ?kVrk gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls
fuokZ;qthoh fo?kVu ¼,u,jksfcd½ izfØ;k }kjk
cukbZ xbZ [kkn esa fo|qr pkydrk ¼0.02 feyh
fleal izfr ls-eh- ls 0.49 feyh fleal izfr
ls-eh-½] ok;qthoh ¼,jksfcd½ izfØ;k }kjk cukbZ
xbZ [kkn ds vis{kk de gksrh gS ¼1.21 feyh
fleal izfr lsa-eh- ls 4.62 feyh fleal izfr
lsa-eh-½A ok;qthoh izfØ;k }kjk cukbZ xbZ [kkn
eas dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl ?kVrs gSa ¼2740 ihih,e
ls 885 ihih,e½ tcfd fuokZ;qthoh rFkk izkd‘frd
vi{k;.k fof/k ls rS;kj LisaV iks"kk/kkj esa ;s
c<+rs gSaA vU; xq.k tSls&ifjek.k ?kuRo]
lja/kzrk rFkk ty /kkj.k {kerk] ok;qthoh izfØ;k
ls rS;kj [kkn esa c<+rs gSa] fuokZ;qthoh fo?kVu
izfØ;k ls rS;kj [kkn esa ,d leku jgrs gSa
rFkk izkd‘frd :Ik esa fufeZr [kkn esa y?kq
ifjorZu n’kkZrs gSaA [kkn fuekZ.k dh lHkh
izfØ;kvksa esa le; ds lkFk ukbVªkstu] iksVkf’k;e]
dkcZu] lksfM;e] dSfY’k;e DyksjkbM rFkk ukbVªsV
ds va’k ?kVrs gSa] gkaykfd fuokZ;qthoh fo?kVu
izfØ;k esa ;s lcls rst nj ls ?kVrs gSa rFkk
?kVus dh nj blds Ik’pkr ok;qthoh izfØ;k esa
gksrh gSA ok;qthoh rFkk fuokZ;qthoh izfØ;kvksa
esa le; ds lkFk QkWLQksjl ds va’k c<+rs gSa
tcfd izkd‘frd fufeZr [kkn dh izfØ;k esa ;g
viokn gS vkSj blesa ;s le; ds lkFk ?kVrs gaS
¼rkfydk&5½A
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
15
Rkkfydk 4. LisaV cVu [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh xM~<s eas fofHkUu vof/k;ksa ds fy, fo?kfVr [kkn ds HkkSfrdo jklk;fud xq.k
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn ds fofHkUu vof/k;ksa rd fo?kVu ds ckn xq.k ¼eghuk½
Ø-l- xq.k@rRo 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Ikh-,p- 8.41 8.03 7.67 7.30 7.27 7.17 7.15
2. Pkkydrk 7.50 5.09 4.64 3.44 1.08 0.18 0.14
¼feyh egksl lsa-eh--1½
3. ukbVªkstu ¼izfr’kr½ 2.71 2.17 1.66 1.47 1.00 0.87 0.83
4. QkWLQksjl ¼izfr’kr½ 1.08 1.10 0.85 0.65 0.32 0.29 0.27
5. iksVkf’k;e ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 231.00 103.00 76.20 52.70 17.01 1.97 7.50
6. lksfM;e ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 260.00 231.00 124.00 28.00 11.01 2.09 0.27
7. dkcZu ¼izfr’kr½ 4.90 2.70 2.10 1.07 0.91 0.66 0.61
8. dSfY’k;e ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 543.00 360.00 159.00 73.00 17.00 4.10 3.97
9. DyksjkbM ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 146.00 65.00 43.50 20.30 1.54 1.20 1.13
10. ukbVªsV ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 12.80 6.56 4.19 2.30 2.51 2.10 2.07
11. dSMfe;e ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
12. Lkhlk ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
13. dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl 1910.00 1263.00 613.00 409.00 247.00 93.0 0.81
¼ih-ih-,e-½
14. ?kqyu’khy vkWDlhtu ¼Mh-vks-½ 0.83 0.97 1.10 1.57 1.59 1.63 1.63
¼ih-ih-,e-½
15. ifjek.k ?kuRo ¼xzk-ls-eh--3½ 0.57 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.23
16. d.k ?kuRo ¼xzk-ls-eh--3½ 2.20 2.00 1.67 1.97 1.97 1.70 1.70
17. Lakj/kzrk ¼izfr’kr½ 20.00 36.00 44.31 44.01 44.01 42.39 42.39
18. ueh ¼izfr’kr½ 59.0 67.0 67.5 67.5 68.20 69.00 68.10
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
16
Rkkfydk
5. fofHkUu fof/k;
ksa }kjk L
isaV c
Vu [
kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj l
s fufeZr
[kkn
ds H
kkSfrd
&jklk;ufd x
q.k
fofHkUu fof/k;
ksa rFkk
vof/k;
ksa ls
iqu% fufeZr
LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj d
h [kkn d
s HkkSfrd
&jklk;fud x
q.k ¼fnu½
Øa-
xq.k
Okk;qt
hoh
fuokZ;qt
hoh
izkd‘frd
la-
015
3045
6015
3045
6015
3045
60
1.Ikh-
,p-
8.30
8.56
8.81
8.13
8.00
8.77
8.61
8.12
8.22
7.17
8.43
7.88
8.19
2.fo|qr
Pkky
drk
3.51
4.62
1.39
1.21
1.55
0.02
0.35
0.49
0.49
0.32
0.90
0.26
2.28
¼fe- fleal
ls-eh--1
½
3.dqy
?kqyu’khy
2740
.00
1230
.00
682.
0074
7.00
885.
008.
8020
3.00
221.
0022
7.00
53.1
043
2.00
1390
.00
1580
.00
Bksl¼ih-ih-,
e-½
4.?kqy
u’khy
-0.1
80.
02-0
.10
-0.1
90.
000.
00-0
.20
-0.0
90.
00-0
.10
-0.0
9-0
.11
0.00
vkWDlhtu
¼ih-i
h-,e-½
5.ifje
k.k ?kuRo
0.22
0.30
0.39
0.33
0.35
0.25
0.31
0.33
0.38
0.28
0.19
0.22
0.22
¼xzk-l
s-eh--3
½
6.d.k
?kuRo
10.0
01.
332.
500.
910.
632.
003.
331.
421.
382.
501.
672.
001.
91
¼xzk-l
s-eh--3
½
7.Lkj
a/kzrk ¼%
½7.
8052
.60
24.4
073
.62
73.6
237
.50
20.7
247
.18
35.3
028
.80
48.5
039
.00
36.2
5
8.Tky
/kkj.k {ke
rk20
.00
20.0
033
.30
41.1
849
.00
40.0
023
.07
33.3
335
.25
20.0
044
.44
54.5
552
..60
¼%½
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
17
fofHkUu
fof/k;
ksa rFkk
vof/k;
ksa ls
iqu% fufeZr
LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj d
h [kkn d
s HkkSfrd
&jklk;fud x
q.k ¼fnu½
Øa-
xq.k
Okk;qt
hoh
fuokZ;qt
hoh
izkd‘frd
la-
015
3045
6015
3045
6015
3045
60
9.ukbVªkstu
¼%½
2.10
2.10
1.19
1.82
1.23
1.75
1.51
1.58
1.14
2.03
1.72
1.72
1.44
10.QkLQ
ksjl
¼%½
0.57
0.97
0.94
1.05
1.11
1.05
1.30
1.24
1.25
1.37
1.20
1.14
1.14
11.iksVkf’k;e
138.
0028
3.00
336.
0041
.40
34.6
023
6.00
72.7
018
.30
19.6
025
6.00
223.
0043
.80
76.8
0
¼ih-i
h-,e-½
12.dkcZu
¼%½
5.43
5.34
5.84
4.50
0.60
5.70
5.83
5.22
1.50
5.52
5.57
4.74
0.60
13.lksfM;e
402.
0012
0.00
91.6
04.
460.
000.
0020
.40
0.00
0.00
54.0
061
.80
0.00
6.85
¼ih-i
h-,e-½
14.dSfY’k;
e13
80.0
019
.90
0.00
22.3
08.
1270
.10
0.00
21.1
05.
4622
.70
23.8
030
.80
11.7
0
¼ih-i
h-,e-½
15.Lkhlk
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
¼ih-i
h-,e-½
16.Dy
ksjkbM
115.
0011
1.00
56.3
051
.00
21.8
013
.30
15.9
031
.00
17.4
059
.50
30.2
010
7.00
36.1
0
¼ih-i
h-,e-½
17.ukbVªsV
4.80
13.6
09.
904.
9210
.20
2.28
3.18
0.48
4.01
2.66
5.38
11.3
030
.80
¼ih-i
h-,e-½
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
18
¼x½ lw{e tSfodh xq.k
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa thok.kqvksa dh U;wure
tula[;k 14.33x10-7 iqvky [kqEc ds LisaV
iks"kk/kkj esa rFkk mPpre 59.33x10-7 f<axjh
[kqEc ds iks"kk/kkj esa gksrh gSA vU; LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkjksa dh vis{kk IywjksVl ¶yksfjMk ¼vkW;LVj
[kqEc½ dk LisaV iks"kk/kkj 5 ls 23 xq.kk vf/kd
QQwan tula[;k dks ’kj.k nsrk gSA fofHkUu
izdkj ds QQawnksa eas VªkbZdksMjek mlds ckn
E;wdj o ,LiftZyl uked QQwan fofHkUu izdkj
ds LisaV iks"kk/kkj esa T;knk ek=k esa gksrs gaSA
VªkbZdksMjek lHkh izdkj ds LisaV iks"kk/kkjksa esa
izHkkoh gksrk gS] tcfd E;wdj] iqvky [kqEc
rFkk ,LiftZyl] iqvky [kqEc rFkk f<+axjh [kqEcds LisaV iks"kk/kkj esa gksrk gSA
¼?k½ ,Utkbe lfØ;rk
f<+xjh [kqEc ls izkIr LisaV iks"kk/kkj eas,DtksXywdkust] ,UMksXywdkust o tkbZysust dhlfØ;rk mPpre gksrh gSA bl LisaV iks"kk/kkjeas ySDdst] eSxuht ijkWDlhMst o ,jk;y,YdksgkWy vkWDlhMst ,Utkbe dh lfØ;rk HkhcVu [kqEc LisaV iks"kk/kkj o iqvky [kqEc LisaViks"kk/kkj dh rqyuk eas vf/kd gksrh gSA cVu[kqEc LisaV iks"kk/kkj eas dsoy fyfXuu ijkWDlhMst,Utkbe dh lfØ;rk vf/kd gksrh gS ¼vgykoro lg;ksxh] 2004½A
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
19
v/;k;&IV
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk mi;ksx
catj feV~Vh esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus
ls bldh lajpuk ¼cukoV½] ty /kkj.k {kerk
rFkk iks"kd rRoksa ds Lrj esa lq/kkj vkrk gSA
feV~Vh esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ls ih-
,p- rFkk tSfod dkcZu va’k esa Hkh o‘f) gksrh
gSA fofHkUu Qlyksa ij LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds
izHkko ij fd, x, v/;;uksa ls irk pyk gS
fd feV~Vh esa fo?kfVr ;k vfo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj feykus ls ikS/kksa ds ’kq"d inkFkZ rRoksa
esa o‘f) gksrh gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks 5
izfr’kr ¼vk;ru ds vk/kkj½ dh nj ij feykus
ls ikS/kksa dh QkLQksjl rFkk iksVkf’k;e rRoksa
dh vko’;drkvksa dks iw.kZ :Ik esa iwjk fd;k
tk ldrk gSA tcfd ukbVªkstu dh vko’;drk
25 izfr’kr ¼vk;ru ds vk/kkj½ dh nj ij
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ls iw.kZ :Ik ls iwjh
dh tk ldrh gSA feV~Vh esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj
feykus ls ikS/kksa dh fofHkUu iztkfr;ksa esa o‘f)
dkjd fØ;kvksa dks ns[kk x;k gSA
1. LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds mi;ksx ds
lanZHk esa fdlkuksa dk er
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks [kqEc mRiknd
izkd‘frd :Ik ls fo?kfVr dj] d‘f"k ,oa ckxokuh
Qlyksa esa [kkn ds :Ik esa mi;ksx dj jgs gSaA
[kqEc mRikndksa us bl fo"k; esa dkQh vuqHko
izkIr dj fy;k gS rFkk os vius bl vuqHko o
Kku dks dsoy lhfer {ks=ksa esa ckaV jgs gSaA
[kqEc vuqla/kku funs’kky;] lksyu ¼fg-iz-½ }kjk
,df=r dh xbZ lwpukvksa dk fo’ys"k.k djus ls
Kkr gqvk gS fd LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks
fofHkUu Qlyksa] tSls f’keyk fepZ] VekVj] Qwy
xksHkh] eVj] vkyw] vnjd] yglqu] xsgwa] /kku]
eDdk rFkk lsc ¼rkfydk&6½ esa [kkn ds :Ik esa
mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA fofHkUu Qlyksa esa
fofHkUu vk;q dh LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks [kkn
ds :Ik esa mi;ksx esa yk;k tk jgk gSA dqN
[kqEc mRiknd bls rkts :i eas lh/ks gh [ksrksa eas
mi;ksx dj ysrs gSa rFkk dqN mRiknd dqN
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
20
Rkkfydk
6. i
kS/kksa dh fofHkUu
iztkfr;ksa i
j LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj l
s cuh [
kkn d
h fofHkUu
vk;q o
ek=kv
ksa dk izHkko
Qly
LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj [
kknEkk=k ¼fD
oaVy
izHkko
lzksr
dh vk;q
izfr
gsDVsv
j½
mit
xq.koRrk
chekfj;ka@
dhMs+ e
dksMs+
f’key
k6-
12 eghus
100-
150
o‘f)
dksbZ
Lkk/kkj.k
[kqEc m
Riknd
fepZ
6 eg
hus i
qjkuh r
Fkk x
kscj dh [kkn
125
o‘f)
izHkko
Lkk/kkj.k
ds l
kFk fefJr
ugha
24-3
6 eg
hus
25-3
7.5
o‘f)
&deh
24 eghus
250
o‘f)
&izHkko u
gha
VekVj
0-6 eg
hus
100-
125
o‘f)
&dksbZ c
hekjh ug
ha[kqEc m
Riknd
6 eg
hus i
qjkuh r
Fkk x
kscj dh [kkn fefJr
125
o‘f)
&lk/kkj.k
2-6 eg
hus
12.5
o‘f)
&&
24 eghus
250
o‘f)
&deh
24-3
6 eg
hus
25-3
7.5
o‘f)
&&
Qwy
xksHkh
6 eg
hus i
qjkuh r
Fkk Q
keZ ;
kMZ [
kkn fefJr
125
o‘f)
izHkko
Lkk/kkj.k
[kqEc m
Riknd
6-12 eghus
100-
125
o‘f)
ugha
deh
24-3
6 eg
hus
25-3
7.5
o‘f)
&izHkko u
gha
vnj
d2-
6 eg
hus
25o‘f)
izHkko
deh
[kqEc m
Riknd
6 eg
hus
100-
125
o‘f)
ugha
o‘f)
12 eghus
250
o‘f)
&o‘f)
18 eghus
37.5
-50
o‘f)
&deh
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
21
Qly
LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj [
kknEkk=k ¼fD
oaVy
izHkko
lzksr
dh vk;q
izfr
gsDVsv
j½
mit
xq.koRrk
chekfj;ka@
dhMs+ e
dksMs+
Ykglwu
1 eg
huk
312.
5o‘f)
izHkko
o‘f)
[kqEc m
Riknd
6 eg
hus
100-
125
o‘f)
ugha
o‘f)
12 eghus
62.5
-75
o‘f)
&lk/kkj.k
Xksgw¡
2-3 eg
hus
87.5
o‘f)
&&
1-6 eg
hus
125-
150
o‘f)
izHkko
izHkko u
gha
[kqEc m
Riknd
6 eg
hus
25-3
7.5
o‘f)
ugha
deh
4 eg
huss
12.5
o‘f)
&deh
7-8 eg
hus
4.75
-12.
5o‘f)
&deh
12 eghus
250
o‘f)
&izHkko u
gha
12 eghus
12.5
-37.
5o‘f)
&deh
12 eghus
11-2
5o‘f)
&deh
eDdk
0-6 eg
hus
50-1
50o‘f)
izHkko u
ghafcekjh u
gha
[kqEc m
Riknd
2-6 eg
hus
4.37
5o‘f)
&deh
6 eg
hus
25-3
7.5
o‘f)
&deh
12 eghus
11.2
5o‘f)
&deh
12 eghus
62.5
-75
o‘f)
&lk/kkj.k
24-3
6 eg
hus
25-3
7.5
o‘f)
&deh
3-15 eghus
10o‘f)
&izHkko u
gha
12 eghus
250
o‘f)
&izHkko u
gha
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
22
Qly
LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj [
kknEkk=k ¼fD
oaVy
izHkko
lzksr
dh vk;q
izfr
gsDVsv
j½
mit
xq.koRrk
chekfj;ka@
dhMs+ e
dksMs+
/kku
Rkkth [kkn
62.5
o‘f)
izHkko u
gha
deh
[kqEc m
Riknd
1 eg
huk
62.5
o‘f)
&o‘f)
12 eghus
12.5
-37.
5o‘f)
&deh
1-2 eg
hus
125
o‘f)
&deh
vkyw
0-6 eg
hus
18.7
5o‘f)
izHkko u
gha
izHkko ugha
[kqEc m
Riknd
6 eg
hus
100-
125
o‘f)
&deh
4 eg
hus
12.5
2o‘f)
&deh
12 eghus
50o‘f)
&deh
24 eghus
100
o‘f)
&lk/kkj.k
eVj
0-6 eg
hus
100
o‘f)
izHkko
dksbZ chekjh
ugha
[kqEc m
Riknd
6 eg
hus
100-
125
o‘f)
ugha
deh
12 eghus
62.5
-75
o‘f)
&lk/kkj.k
12 eghus
93.7
5lk/kkj.k
&lk/kkj.k
12 eghus
250
o‘f)
& izHkko
ugha
Lskc1 eg
hus
5-6 fd-xzke@i
kS/kk
Lkk/kkj.k
izHkko ugha
Lkk/kkj.k
[kqEc m
Riknd
5 eg
hus
4 fd-xzke@i
kS/kk
o‘f)
&Lkk/kkj.k
8-12 eghus
4-6 fd-xzke@i
kS/kk
o‘f)
&deh
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
23
Qly
LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj [
kknEkk=k ¼fD
oaVy
izHkko
lzksr
dh vk;q
izfr
gsDVsv
j½
mit
xq.koRrk
chekfj;ka@
dhM+s e
dksMs+
[khjk]
fofHkUu v
k;q
fofHkUu e
k=k
c<ksÙkjh
dksbZ i
zHkko
dksbZ i
zHkko
cs;j] 1
996
VekVj]
ugha
ugha
czksdyh]
V;wfyi]
xksHkh]
dkyh fepZ
RkFkk
ikyd
Lkykn]
iqjkuh [kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj [
kkn25
-37.
5%Ck<
ksÙkjh
dksbZ i
zHkko
dksbZ i
zHkko
Ykksgj r
Fkk d
kSQs]
1987
xsank]
ugha
ugha
VekVj
f?k;k]
fofHkUu v
k;q
fofHkUu e
k=k
Ck<ksÙkjh
dksbZ i
zHkko
dksbZ i
zHkko
jksgM
l rFkk
vkyWlu
]f’key
k fepZ
ugha
ugha
1995
clUr c
zksdyh]
’kjn
czksdyh]
vFkwc
jxhul
LohV d
kuZ]
LuSi chUl]
IkSuhlsVe
xywd
e
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
24
Qly
LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj [
kknEkk=k ¼fD
oaVy
izHkko
lzksr
dh vk;q
izfr
gsDVsv
j½
mit
xq.koRrk
chekfj;ka@
dhM+s e
dksMs+
I;kt
iqjkuh LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj
500
dksbZ i
zHkko
QkLQ
ksjl]
dksbZ
folfuo
Ldk rFkk iSu
fDot
]ug
haiksVkf’k;e
]izHkko
1989
dSfY’
k;e
vkSj
ugha
eSXuhf’k;e
ds
mPp
va’k
VekVj
cVu
[kqEc LisaV
iks"kk/kkj
&&
,Ldksfc
ZdtM
+ xzfUFk
MqUMj
rFkk l
g;ksxh]
1995
;
vEy vkSj
jksx
ds
oekZ]
1986
dBksjr
k esa
lq/kkj l
aØe.
kij j
ksd
ydMh ¼’kd
h;½
&33
,67 rFkk
100%
csgrj
o‘f)
&&
pk¡x
rFkk fjadj] 1
994
vyadkfjd
Nky
ds l
kFkrFkk
pkjk
fefJr
Qly
sa
ioZrh;
&
&dqy
ÅWapkbZ
&&
fu r
Fkk l
g;ksxh]
1994
ijfleu
]esa
o`f)
dBksjr
kjfgr
ijfleu
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
25
Qly
LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj [
kknEkk=k ¼fD
oaVy
izHkko
lzksr
dh vk;q
izfr
gsDVsv
j½
mit
xq.koRrk
chekfj;ka@
dhMs+ e
dksMs+
LkscLisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj d
s tyh;
lkIrkfgd
&&
Lskc d
s LdSc
;ksgsYe
rFkk
lg;ksxh]
vdZ d
h Lizs
rFkk
jksx
dk fu;a=
.k19
94
f}lkIrkfgd
VekVj
6-24 e
ghus
iqjkuh izkd‘frd v
i{kf;
r rFkk
185
ikS/kakas d
hmP
pchekfj;k¡ r
Fkkvgy
kor
rFkk
lg;ksxh]
12 e
ghus
iqjkuh fuokZ;qt
hoh fof/k l
s fufeZr
[kkn
o‘f) r
Fkkxq.koRrk
dhM+ksa&ed
ksM+ksa
2009
Qly
ds l
aØe.
k eas
mRiknu
esa
deh
c<ksÙkjh
f’key
k6-
24 e
ghus
iqjkuh izkd‘frd v
i{kf;
r rFkk
250
ikS/kakas d
hmP
pchekfj;k¡ r
Fkkvgy
kor
rFkk
lg;ksxh]
fepZ
12 e
ghus
iqjkuh ok;qt
hoh fof/k l
s fufeZr
[kkn
o‘f) r
Fkkxq.koRrk
dhM+ksa&ed
ksM+ksa
2007v
Qly
ds l
aØe.
k eas
mRiknu
esa
2-20
% d
ehc<
ksÙkjh
eVj
12 e
ghus
iqjkuh fuokZ;qt
hoh fof/k l
s fufeZr
[kkn
200
ikS/kakas d
hmP
pchekfj;kas d
s[kq-v
uq-funs-] lksyu
o‘f) r
Fkkxq.koRrk
ekey
s 3 l
sQyh
4 xq.kk de
mRiknu
esa
c<ksÙkjh
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
26
Qly
LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj [
kknEkk=k ¼fD
oaVy
izHkko
lzksr
dh vk;q
izfr
gsDVsv
j½
mit
xq.koRrk
chekfj;ka@
dhMs+ e
dksMs+
Qwyx
ksHkh
12 e
ghus
iajkuh ok;qt
hoh fof/k fufeZr
[kkn +
250
ikS/kakas d
hmP
pchekfj;k¡ r
Fkkvgy
kor
rFkk
lg;ksxh]
jlk;fud mo
Zjdo‘f) r
Fkkxq.koRrk
dhM+ks&ed
ksM+ksa
2006v
Qwy
mRiknu
ds l
aØe.
k eas
esa c<
ksÙkjh
40 l
s 60%
deh
vnj
d18 e
ghus
iqjkuh ok;qo
h fof/k l
s fufeZr
LisaV
300-
320
ikS/kakas d
hmP
pizd
Unksa dh
vgy
kor
rFkk
lg;ksxh]
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj [
kkn +
jklk;fud m
oZjd
o‘f) r
Fkkxq.koRrk
lM+u
ek=k
2006c
izdanks e
sade
c<ksÙkjh
I;kt
12 e
ghus
iqjkuh ok;qo
h fof/k l
s fufeZr
LisaV
250
ikS/kakas d
hmP
p&
[kq-v
uq-funs-] lksyu
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj d
h [kkn +
jklk;fud m
oZjd
o‘f) r
Fkkxq.koRrk
’kqYd d
anks
esa c<
ksÙkjh
cSaxu
12-2
4 eg
hus iqjkuh fuo
kZ;q fof/k
ls fufeZr
LisaV
250
ikS/kakas d
hmP
p&
[kq-v
uq-funs-] lksyu
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj d
h [kkn
o‘f) r
Fkkxq.koRrk
iSnkokj e
sa
c<ksÙkjh
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
27
Qly
LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj [
kknEkk=k ¼fD
oaVy
izHkko
lzksr
dh vk;q
izfr
gsDVsv
j½
mit
xq.koRrk
chekfj;ka@
dhMs+ e
dksMs+
xsgWwa
12 e
ghusa
iqjkuh fuokZ;q
fof/k l
s fufeZr
LisaV
300 fd-
ikS/kakas d
hmP
p&
vgy
kor
rFkk
lg;ksxh]
[kqEc
iks"kk/kkj d
h [kkn +
jklk;fud m
oZjd
+ j
klk;fud
o‘f) r
Fkkxq.koRrk
2007c
moZjd
nkuksa d
h¼ukbVªkstu
]iSnkokj e
saQkWLQ
ksjl]
c<ksÙkjh
iksVkf’k;e
80, 6
0 o
50 fd
-xzke
izfr
gSDVs;
jdh nj l
s
eDdk
Rkktk
1000
-400
0pkjs
pkjs
&osLV rFkk Qsg] 1
991
rFkk nkuksa
rFkk nkuksa
dh iSnkokj
esa m
Ppesa
c<ksÙkjh
izksVhu
ds
va’k
’osr
cVu
[kqEc LisaV
iks"kk/kkj +
iwjh
vPN
h f}rh;
&&
Qsg rFkk osLV] 1
984
cVu
Liku e
sV rFkk cksukikjsV ihV
Qly
[kqEc
vkW;LVj
f’kVkds [
kqEc O;FkZ +
10% x
sgwWa dh pksdj
+10
%iwjh
vPN
h iSn
kokj
&jkW;t
s] 199
3
[kqEc
Tokj
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
28
Qly
LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj [
kknEkk=k ¼fD
oaVy
izHkko
lzksr
dh vk;q
izfr
gsDVsv
j½
mit
xq.koRrk
chekfj;ka@
dhMs+ e
dksMs+
vkW;LVj
f’kVkds [
kqEc O;FkZ +
12% l
ks;kchu
+1%
ykbZe
iwjh
vPN
h iSn
kokj
&jkW;t
s] 199
3
[kqEc
cVu
Okk;qo
h fof/k l
s rS;kj LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj
dsflax
feV~V
h[kqEc d
h&
cSDVhfj;y
LktksfeVt
] 199
4
[kqEc
ds
rkSj
ijQly
ihV
CykWp d
kdsflax
ds
laØe.
kcj
kcj
de
cVu
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj +
bZ-Mh-Vh-,
-+ ihV [kkn
dsflax
feV~V
hJs"B [
kqEc&
cSDVhfj;y
’kekZ rFkk lg
;ksxh]
1999
[kqEc
ds r
kSj i
j d
h iSn
kokj
CykWp d
klaØe.
kde
cVu
Okk;qo
h fof/k l
s rS;kj LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj
dsflax
feV~V
h’kh?kz
rFkk
Lkw[kk cqy
cqyk
[kq-v
uq-funs-] lksyu
[kqEc
ds r
kSj i
jDo
kjfiFk
dsflax
dk laØ
e.k de
ds c
jkcj
[kqEc
dh Qly
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
29
eghuksa ls ysdj 3 o"kksZa iqjkuh LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
blh izdkj LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh mi;ksx
eas ykbZ tk jgh ek=k eas Hkh dkQh fHkUurk gS
tksfd de ls de 4.75 fDoaVy izfr gsDVvj
rFkk vf/kdre 1000 fDoaVy izfr gsDVvj gSA
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn feykus ls
feV~Vh dh HkkSfrd rFkk jklk;fud lajpuk esa
Hkh lq/kkj gksrk gSA [kqEc mRikndksa dk er gS
fd LisaV [kkn dks feV~Vh esa feykus ls blds
moZjrk Lrj] ty /kkj.k {kerk] lja/kzrk rFkk
cukoV esa o‘f) gksrh gSA
[kqEc mRikndksa rFkk vuqla/kkudrkZvksa nksuksa
us gh ;g ik;k gS fd feV~Vh esa LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj ds mi;ksx ls Qly mit esa c<ksÙkjh
gksrh gS rFkk blls d‘f"k ,oa ckxokuh Qlyksa
dh fcekfj;ksa dk Hkh izcU/ku gksrk gSA [kqEc
mRikndksa ls izkIr bl ns’kh rduhdh Kku dh
tk¡p o bleas lq/kkj dh izfØ;k ds nkSjku izkIr
izk;ksfxd vk¡dM+ksa o vuqHkoksa ls Qlyksa esa LisaV
[kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks [kkn ds :Ik esa mi;ksx ds
ckjs eas ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj dks [kqys esa lM+d ds fdukjs Qsdusa ds
ctk; de ls de 12 eghuksa rd izkd‘frd
:Ik ls xM~<+ksa esa ;k fuokZ;qthoh@ok;qthoh
fof/k;ksa ls bls fo?kfVr djuk pkfg,A LisaV
[kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls fufeZr [kkn dh ek=k Qly
fof’"V dh dqy iks"kd rRoksa dh vko’;drk]
feV~Vh dk iks"kd rRoksa Lrj rFkk LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj eas iks"kd rRoksa ds Lrj dks vk/kkj
cukdj r; djuk pkfg,A LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj
ls fufeZr [kkn dk mi;ksx vdsys tqrkbZ ds
le; ;k fQj vdkcZfud moZjdksa ds lkFk
feykdj Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2. vuqla/kkudrkZvksa ds ifj.kke
¼d½ ckxokuh Qlysa
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk mi;ksx feV~Vh dks
lfCt;k¡ mxkus ds fy, vuqdwy cukrk gSA
^^rhoz lkYV fuNkyu** rFkk [kqys esa 2&3 lky
ds fy, vi{k;.k fof/k;ksa }kjk LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj dks mipkfjr dj bls iw.kZr;k ;k
fQj vkaf’kd :Ik ls o‘f) ek/;e ds :Ik esa
Qwyksa] lfCt;ksa] Qyksa] cky o‘{kksa rFkk vkyadkfjd
>kfM;ksa dks mxkus ds fy, T;knk mi;qDr
cuk;k tk ldrk gS ¼rkfydk&6½A LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj esa ukbVªkstu] QkWLQksjl rFkk iksVkf’k;e
izpqj ek=k esa gksus dh otg ls bls [khjk]
VekVj] czksdyh] V;wfyi] QwyxksHkh] fepZ] ikyd
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
30
bR;kfn lfCt;ksas ds vPNs ek/;e ds :Ik esaiz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ¼fp=&5½A ijUrq ikS/kksa dh
izfrfØ;k,a LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks feykus ds
fofHkUu Lrjksa ij fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSaA mxkus
okys ek/;e esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks 25 ls
37.5 izfr’kr dh nj ls feykus ls lykn okys
ikS/kksa] xsank rFkk VekVj ij Qly o‘f) dkjd
izHkkoksa dks ns[kk x;kA lfCt;k¡ tSls dqdjfcVk
fiiks] f’keyk fepZ] clar _‘rq czksdyh] ’kjn
_‘rq czksdyh] LohV dksuZ bR;kfn dh mit esa
feV~Vh esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ls c<+ksÙkjh
gksrh gSA ;|fi bu lHkh dks mxkus esa rkth
[kkn dh vis{kk T;knk iqjkuh [kkn dks T;knk
ojh;rk nh tkrh gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks
[kkn ds :Ik esa mi;ksx djus ls Qlyksa ds
mRikn dh xq.koRrk esa Hkh o‘f) gksrh gSA ,d
v/;;u ds vuqlkj] feVVh esa 50 Vu izfr
gsDVsvj ds fglkc ls LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj
feykus ls I;kt danksa dh vf/kdre mit izkIr
gqbZ rFkk blds danksa esa QkWLQksjl] dSfY’k;e
rFkk eSXuhf’k;e ds mPPk va’k ik;s x;s
¼folfuoLdk rFkk isufdfolt] 1989½ rFkk
VekVj esa blds mi;ksx ls VekVj dh dBksjrk
¼l[r½ o ,sLdksfcZd vEy dh ek=k esa lq/kkj
gqvk ¼MwaMj rFkk lg;ksxh] 1995½A
lfCt;ksa ds vfrfjDr bldk mi;ksx xzhu
gkÅl o ulZjh Qlyksa] vkyadkfjd ydM+h
rFkk pkjk Qlyksa eas Nky ds lkFk 33] 67
vkSj 100 izfr’kr dh nj ls feykus ls iks/kksadks vPNh o‘f) nsrk gSA lgh izdkj ls NkuhgqbZ o yo.kksa ls eqDr rktk LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj] oehZ [kkn ds lkFk fefJr djus ij ikS/kksadh o‘f) ds fy, ,d vkn’kZ mRiknu ek/;edk dk;Z djrh gS rFkk ek/;e dks fof’k"V Lrjdh ok;qlapkj] laj/kzrk] ty/kkj.k {kerk rFkkukbVªkstu iznku djrh gSA ;g feV~Vh jfgrfeJ.k eas ihV dk ,d ;ksX; fodYi gSA [kqEcvuqla/kku funs’kky;] lksyu esa bl fn’kk esafd, x, vuqla/kku dk;Z esa ;g ik;k x;k gSfd LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ikS/kksa dh o‘f)] Qy dhiSnkokj vkSj xq.koRRkk ds lkFk&lkFk chekfj;ksads izcU/ku esa fo’ks"k ;ksxnku iznku djrk gSA¼vgykor rFkk lg;ksxh] 2005] 2006 v]fp=&5
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
31
2006 c] 2007 v] 2007 c] 2007 l] 2009½AfofHkUu Qlyksa ij fd;s x;s ’kks/k dk;ksZ dkfooj.k fups fn;k x;k gSA
¼i½ VekVj ¼ykbZdksilhZdkWu ,LdwysUkVe½
[ksfrgj Hkwfe esa lq/kkj ds fy, 6-24 eghusiqjkuh izkd‘frd rjhds ls vi{kf;r LisaV [kqEciks"kk/kkj dks 18.5 Vu izfr gsDVsvj dh nj lsfeykus rFkk vuqeksfnr d"kZ.k fØ;k,a viukus
ls ikS/kksa dh okuLifrd o‘f) cf<+;k gqbZ rFkk
lkFk gh VekVj dh iSnkokj Hkh 746 fDoaVy
izfr gsDVsvj izkIr gqbZ ¼fp=&6½] tcfd xkscj
dh [kkn feykus ls 456.53 fDoaVy izfr gsDVsvj
iSnkokj gh izkIr gqbZA blh izdkj ls feV~Vh esa
12 eghus iqjkuh fuokZ;qthoh fof/k ls fufeZr
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn feykus ls VekVj
dh iSnkokj 658.89 fDoaVy izfr gsDVsvj izkIr
gqbZ tksfd xkscj dh [kkn feykus ls feyh
iSnkokj ¼547.04 fDoaVy izfr gsDVsvj½ dh
vis{kk esa vf/kd gSA
fuokZ;qthoh rjhds ls fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj [kkn dks feV~Vh esa feykus ls VekVj
dh xq.koRrk ¼fp=&7½ tSls Qyksa dk Hkkj
¼59.32 xzke½] ,LdksfcZd vEy rRo ¼33.89
fe-xzk- izfr 100 xzke rktk Hkkj½] ’kq"d inkFkZ
¼8.40 izfr’kr½] dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl ¼Vh-,l-
,l-&5.170 fczDl½ rFkk vEyh;rk ¼2.05
izfr’kr½ esa o`f) gksrh gSA
fp=&6
fp=&7
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn dk mi;ksx
djus ls VekVj dh Qly esa Qwyksa dk lM+Ukk]
cd vkbZ jkWV o iRrksa dk eqM+uk fcekfj;k¡ de
yxrh gS ¼fp=&8½A
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
32
¼ii½ f’keyk fepZ ¼dsfIlde ,sue½
[ksrh gj Hkwfe esa 25 Vu izfr gsDVsvj dh
nj ls 6 ls 18 eghus iqjkuh izkd‘frd <+x lsvi{kf;r LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn feykusls ikS/kksa dh okuLifrd o‘f) ¼49 lsa-eh-½ rFkkQyksa dh iSnkokj ¼171 fDoaVy izfr gsDVsvj½eas c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gS ¼fp=&9½ tks xkscj dh [kkn
¼152.52 fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½ rFkk moZjdksa dhfu/kkZfjr ek=k feykus dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gSAblh izdkj Hkwfe esa 12 eghus iqjkuh ok;qohfof/k ls rS;kj LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kknfeykus rFkk vuqeksfnr d"kZ.k fØ;k,a viukusls ikS/kksa esa T;knk o‘f) ¼51 ls-eh-½ rFkk QyiSnkokj ¼212.27 fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½ izkIr gqbZ¼fp=&10½A
Hkwfe esa 12 eghus iqjkuh izkd‘frd fof/k lsvi{kf;r LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn feykusls Qyksa dh xq.koRrk esa Hkh o‘f) gqbZA blesaØe’k% Qy dh yEckbZ ¼53.74 fe-eh-½] Qydh pkSM+kbZ ¼44.15 fe-eh-½] ’kq"d inkFkZ ¼9.40
izfr’kr½] dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl ¼4.820 fczDl½rFkk ,LdksfcZd vEy rRo ¼22.70 fe-xzk-@100 xzke rktk Hkkj ds vk/kkj ij½ dh ek=kesa c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gSA blh izdkj ok;qoh fof/k ls
fp=&8
fp=&9 fp=&10
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
33
fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds mi;ksx ls HkhQyksa dh xq.koRrk esa lq/kkj gksrk gS] blls Qyksadh yEckbZ ¼51.08 fe-eh-½] pkSM+kbZ ¼43.48
fe-eh-½] ’kq"d inkFkZ ¼9.41 izfr’kr½] dqy/kqyu’khy Bksl ¼4.800 fczDl½ vkSj ,LdksfcZdvEy rRo ¼25.37 fe-xzk-@100 xzke rktk
Hkkj ds vk/kkj ij½ esa o‘f) gksrh gSA
Hkwfe esa 24 eghus iqjkuh izkd‘frd fof/k ls
vi{kf;r rFkk ok;qoh fof/k ls fo?kfVr LisaV
[kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn feykus ls Qy lM+u
jksx 2-4 izfr’kr] fpfy fouk;y eksVy uked
ok;jl dk ladze.k 15 ls 20 izfr’kr vkSj
ikS/kksa ij fVM~Mksa ds geys esa 4 izfr’kr dh deh
vkrh gS tks vuqeksfnr moZjdksa dh fu/kkZfjr
ek=k rFkk xkscj dh [kkn feykus dh rqyuk eas
de gksrh gSA
¼iii½ eVj ¼ikble LVkbZoe½
[ksrh ;ksX; Hkwfe esa 12 eghus iqjkuh ¼fuokZ;q½
fof/k ls fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj 20 Vu
izfr gsDVsvj dh nj ls feykus ls ikS/kksa dh
okuLifrd o‘f) ¼c<okj½ ¼110.50 ls-eh-½
rFkk mit esa ¼120.26 fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½ o‘f)
gksrh gS ¼fp=&11½ tksfd xkscj dh [kkn ls
izkIr mit ¼92.40 fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½ dh vis{kk
dkQh T;knk gksrh gSA vukWDlhd`r ¼fuokZ;q½
fof/k ls fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn
Mkyus ls eVj dh xq.koÙkk tSls fd izksVhu
¼4.88%½] ,LdksfcZd vEy ¼11.90 fe-xzk-
izfr 100 xzk- rktk eVj½] ’kq"d inkFkZ
¼73.80%½ o dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl ¼16.90
fczDl½ esa lq/kkj vkrk gS ¼fp=&12½A
fp=&11
fp=&12
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
34
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls fufeZr [kkn feykusls ikS/kksa rFkk Qfy;ksa esa ¶;wtsfj;e foYV rFkkikÅMjh feYM;w QaQwn dk laØe.k 3 ls 4
xq.kk de gks tkrk gSA
¼iv½ Qwy xksHkh ¼czkfldk vkWysjsf’k;k½
iks"k.k jfgr detksj Hkwfe esa 12 eghusiqjkuh vukWDlhd`r ¼fuokZ;q½ fof/k ls fo?kfVrLisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn 25 Vu izfr
gsDVsvj dh nj ls jklk;fud moZjdksa ds lkFkfeykus ds ckn ikS/k jksi.k ds le; mi;ksxdjus rFkk vuqeksfnr d"kZ.k fØ;kvksa dks viukusls ikS/kksa dh okuLifrd o‘f) esa c<+ksÙkjh gksrhgS ¼fp=&13½ rFkk xksHkh dh dqy iSnkokj
¼186.56 fDoaVy izfr gsDVsvj½ xkscj dh [kknls izkIr mit dh rqyuk esa dkQh vf/kd gksrh
gS ¼119.35 fDoaVy izfr gsDVsvj½A
ckjg eghus iqjkuh vukWDlhd`r ¼fuokZ;q½fof/k ls fo?kfVr [kkn dks jklk;fud moZjdksads lkFk feykdj Mkyus ls xksHkh ds M.Mh dhyEckbZ ¼5.10 ls-eh-½] Qwy dh yEckbZ ¼12.25
ls-eh-½ rFkk O;kl 15.17 ls-eh-½] ’kq"d inkFkZ¼7.84%½] ,LdksfcZd vEy rRo ¼57.60 fe-xzk-@100 xzke rktk Hkkj½ rFkk Qwy xksHkh dh
vkd‘fr esa Hkh lq/kkj vkrk gS ¼fp=&14½A
fp=&13
fp=&14
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls cuh [kkn dks feV~Vh
eas feykus ls dkyk /kCck rFkk lwaM+h ds laØe.k
dh ?kVuka, xkscj dh [kkn feykus dh rqyuk eas
Øe’k% 60 izfr’kr rFkk 40 izfr’kr dh nj
rd de gks tkrh gSa ¼fp=&15½A
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
35
¼v½ vnjd ¼ftathcsj vkWQhlhusy½
iks"k.k jfgr Hkwfe esa 30-32 Vu izfr
gsDVsvj dh nj ls 18 eghus iqjkuh fuokZ;qthoh
fof/k ls fufeZr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn
dks jklk;fud moZjdksa ds lkFk feykdj Mkyus
ls ikS/kksa esa okuLifrd o‘f) ¼fp=&16v rFkk
16c½ rFkk vnjd dh iSnkokj ¼144.44
fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½ esa c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gSA tksfd
xkscj dh [kkn feykus ls izkIr mit dh rqyuk
esa vf/kd gksrh gSA
fp=&15
fp=&16v
fp=&16c
iSnkokj esa o‘f) ds vfrfjDr] LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn Mkyus ls vnjd dh xq.koRrk
esa Hkh c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gSA blesa dUnksa dh yEckbZ
¼10.20 ls-eh-½] pkSM+kbZ ¼5.15 ls-eh-½] eksVkbZ
¼3.1 ls-eh-½] ’kq"d inkFkZ ¼15.83%½] dqy
?kqyu’khy Bksl ¼6000 fczDl½] js’kk ¼4.54%½
rFkk v?kqyu’khy Bksl ¼9.49%½ inkZFkksa dh
ek=k esa lq/kkj vkrk gSA
larqfyr ek=k esa moZjdksa ds iz;ksx dh
vis{kk eas xkscj dh [kkn rFkk fuokZ;q fof/k ls
fufeZr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj [kkn dks 25
Vu@gsDVsvj dh nj ls feykus ls dUnksa ds
lM+us ds ekeys de gks tkrs gSaA
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
36
¼vi½ I;kt ¼,fy;e flik ,y-½
vukWDlhd`r ¼fuokZ;q½ fof/k ls fo?kfVr 12
eghus iqjkuh LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj [kkn rFkkjklk;fud moZjdksa dks feykdj mi;ksx djusls iks/kksa dh okuLifrd o‘f) ¼38.49 ls-eh-½rFkk I;kt ds danks dh iSnkokj esa c<+ksÙkjh
¼222.00 fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½ gksrh gS tksfd xkscjdh [kkn ls izkIr mit ¼148.00 fDoaVy@
gsDVsvj½ rFkk vuqeksfnr moZjdksa dh ek=k
feykus ls izkIr mit ¼206.00 fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh gS ¼fp=&17½A
esa c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gS tksfd xkscj dh [kkn rFkkvuqeksfnr moZjdksa dh ek=k ds feykus ls izkIrekudksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh gSA
¼vii½ cSaxu ¼lksysue esyutsuk½
ckjg rFkk 24 eghus iqjkuh vukWDlhd`r
¼fuokZ;q½ fof/k ls fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj
dh [kkn dks 25 Vu@gsDVsvj dh nj ls
feykus ij ikS/kksa dh okuLifrd o‘f) rFkk
Qyksa dh iSnkokj ¼251.42 fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½
xkscj dh [kkn ¼236.66 fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½ dh
rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh gS ¼fp=&18½A
fp=&17
I;kt ds dUnksa dh xq.koRrk ekudksa tSlsI;kt ds dUn dh yEckbZ ¼4.30 ls-eh-½ O;kl¼5.55 ls-eh-½] dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl ¼12.30
fczDl½] ’kq"d inkFkZ ¼17.46%½] ikbZ:fodvEy ¼0.416½ rFkk ,LdksfcZd vEy ¼29.45½
fp=&18
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls cuh [kkn] xkscj dh
[kkn rFkk vuqeksfnr moZjdksa dh ek=k ds
feykus ls Qyksa ds vkdkj rFkk Hkkj esa T;knk
fHkUurk ugha vkrh gSA
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
37
¼[k½ [kk|Uu Qlysa
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk mi;ksx fofHkUu
Qlyksa eas djus gsrq dkQh v/;;u fd, x, gSa]
ftuesa ls eDdk dh Qly us vPNs urhts
fn[kk;s gSaA ,d v/;;u ds eqrkfcd iks"k.k
jfgr ¼flYVh fpduh nkseV feV~Vh½ feV~Vh esa
100] 200 rFkk 400 Vu ¼rktk Hkkj½ dh nj
ls LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ls pkjs rFkk
eDdk ds nkus dh iSnkokj ij ldkjkRed
izHkko fn[kkbZ fn;sA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus
ds Ik’pkr fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa pkjk mRiknu
esa 33 ls 68 izfr’kr rd o‘f) gqbZA blh izdkj
ekSle dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls eDdk ds nkuksa dh
iSnkokj Hkh izHkkfor gksrh gSA bl v/;;u ls
;g Kkr gqvk fd LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls cuh
[kkn dks feV~Vh esa feykus ds ckn ikuh dh
vfr vko’;drk gksrh gSA fdlh Hkh v/;;u
esa ;g ugha fn[kk;k x;k gS fd bldk Hkwfe tyvFkok cgrs ty dh xq.koRrk ij dksbZ izfrdwyizHkko iM+rk gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus lsQly esa izksVhu dh ek=k Hkh c<+ tkrh gSALisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds lkFk lM+h&xyh?kkl&ifRr;kWa feykus ls [ksr esa lg;ksxh
lw{ethok.kqvksa dh tula[;k esa Hkh c<+ksÙkjhgksrh gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks izfro"kZ 90
fdyksxzke@oxZ eh- dh nj esa feykus ls /kjkry
ds ty dh xq.koRrk ij dksbZ cqjk izHkko ughaiM+rk gS rFkk /kjkry ij cgrs ikuh esa ukbVªkstu]tSfod ;qDr vkDlhtu rFkk DyksjkbM cgqrde ek=k eas ik;k tkrk gSA [kqEc vuqla/kku
funs’kky; esa xsgww¡ ij vuqla/kku fd;k x;kftlesa mRlkgo/kZd urhts izkIr gq,A
i½ xsgwWa ¼VªhVhde ,LVhoe½
ckjg eghusa iqjkuh vukWDlhd`r ¼fuokZ;q½fof/k ls fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kknds lkFk jklk;fud moZjdksa dh vuqeksfnr
ek=k ¼;wfj;k] Mh-,-ih- rFkk iksVk’k½ feykusls xsgw¡ ds ikS/kksa dh okuLifrd o‘f) ¼86.60
ls-eh-½ rFkk iSnkokj ¼49.80 fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½
T;knk gqbZ tksfd xkscj dh [kkn ds mi;ksx ls
feyh iSnkokj ¼35.20 fDoVy@gsDVsvj½ dh
vis{kk vf/kd Fkh ¼fp=&19½A
fp=&19
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
38
xsgw¡ dh ckyh dh xq.koRrk] ekudksa tSls
ckyh dh yEckbZ ¼lsa-eh-½] nkuksa dh la[;k]
nkuksa dk Hkkj ¼xzke½ rFkk nkusa&iqvky ds vuqikr
esa Hkh c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gS tksfd laLFkkuksa }kjk
crkbZ xbZ moZjdksa dh ek=k eqDr fu;f=ar IykWV
rFkk xkscj dh [kkn ls mipkfjr IykWV dh
rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh gSA
x½ [kqEc
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls [kqEc dh f}rh;
Qly dk mRiknu ysus ls iks"kk/kkj ds rRoksa dks
vf/kd izHkkoh <ax ls mi;ksx esa yk;k tk
ldrk gS rFkk blls [kqEc m|ksx dks vo’ks"k ds
izca/ku dh leL;k ls Hkh NqVdkjk fey ldrk
gSA cVu [kqEc ds LisaaV iks"kk/kkj esa iqu% chtkbZ
djus ds lkFk&lkFk blesa vfrfjDr ek=k esa
LikWuesV rFkk cksukikjVh ihV feykus ls cVu
[kqEc dh f}rh; Qly dh vPNh iSnkokj yh
tk ldrh gSA
f’kVkds [kqEc ds LisaV iks"kk/kkj esa 10
izfr’kr dh nj ls xsgWaw dk pksdj rFkk 10
izfr’kr dh nj ls Tokj feykus ls bldks
IywjksVl lktksj&dktw mRiknu ds mi;ksx esa
yk;k tk ldrk gSA bldks igys gok esa
lq[kkuk] ihluk rFkk iks"kd rRo feykus ds
ckn ikLpqjhdj.k djuk gksrk gS vkSj fQj
blesa chtkbZ djuh gksrh gSA f’kVkds [kqEc ds
LisaV iks"kk/kkj esa 12 izfr’kr dh nj ls lks;kchu
rFkk 1.0 izfr’kr dSfY’k;e dkcksZusV laiwjd
feykus ds ckn IywjksVl lktksj&dktw dh dkQh
vPNh iSnkokj izkIr dh tk ldrh gS ¼79
izfr’kr tSfod n{krk½A
e’k:e mRiknu esa cVu [kqEc LisaV
iks"kk/kkj dk mi;ksx cVu e’k:e mxkus ds
fy, dsflax lkexzh ds :Ik esa Hkh fd;k tkrk
gSA ok;qoh fof/k ls fo?kfVr cVu [kqEc LisaV
iks"kk/kkj dk mi;ksx dsflax feV~Vh ds rkSj ij
djus ls [kqEc dh iSnkokj ihV ls cuh dsflax
feV~Vh ds cjkcj izkIr gksrh gS rFkk blls
Qyu dfydkvksa ij thok.kq /kCcksa ¼cSDVhfj;y
CykWp½ dk laØe.k de gksrk gS tcfd ihV ij
vk/kkfjr dsaflx lkexzh esa ;g laØe.k vf/kd
gksrk gSA cVu [kqEc LisaV iks"kk/kkj] bZ-Vh-Mh-,-
vkSj ihV ls rS;kj dsflax feV~Vh cgqr vf/kd
mitkÅ ik;h xbZA
cVu [kqEc esa ,d lky iqjkuh ok;qoh
fof/k ls fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh dsaflx
djus ij cVu [kqEc dh Qly nks ls rhu fnu
igys fudy vkrh gS ¼fp=&20½A ,slk djus
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
39
fp=&20
ls [kqEc dh iSnkokj ukfj;y ds js’kksa ls rS;kj
dsflax feV~Vh ls izkIr iSnkokj ds cjkcj gksrh
gS rFkk xkscj dh [kkn ls rS;kj dsflax feV~Vh
ls T;knk gksrh gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls rS;kj
dsflax iz;ksx djus ls ukfj;y ds js’kksa ls cuh
dsflax dh vis{kk Qly ls lw[kk cqy&cqyk
uked chekjh ds ekeys de lkeus vkrs gSaA
?k½ iznwf"kr feV~Vh dk tSoh; mipkj¼ck;ksjsfefM;’ku½
vkS|ksfxd O;FkksaZ dk [kqys esa vfu;af=r
rjhds ls fu"dklu rFkk blds iwoZ&mipkj
lqfo/kkvksa dh vi;kZIr O;oLFkk feV~~Vh esa iznw"k.k
ds Lrj dks c<+kus esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA izkd‘frd
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bu iznw"kdksa dk fo?kVu eq[;r%
feV~Vh dh HkkSfrd o jklk;fud n’kkvksa rFkk
Hkwfe esa iuius okys lw{ethoksa dh izdfr ¼LoHkko½
ij fuHkZj djrk gSA fofHkUu eSnkuh Qlyksa dk
iks"kd lzksr gksus ds vfrfjDr fofHkUu [kk|
[kqEcksa ls izkIr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa vuqie
HkSkfrd] jklk;fud rFkk tSfod xq.k gksrs gSa]
tks bls fofHkUu Ik;kZoj.kh; laj{k.k xfrfof/k;ksa
ds fy, ,d vknZ’k tSoh; mipkj dkjd cukrs
gaSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj tSfod o vtSfod
iznw"kd inkFkksZa dks vius /kjkry ij lks[k ysrk
gS rFkk lw{ethoksa dh fofHkUu tkfr;ksa o iztkfr;ksa
dks lja{k.k nsrk gS tks dkcZfud ¼tSfod½
ftuksck;ksfVd ;ksfxdksa ds tSfodh; fo?kVu dh
{kerk j[krs gS aA lw{e thoh fo’ks"kdj
,dfVuksekbZflV~l ¼LVªsIVksekbZflV~l Lih- rFkk
FkeksZeksuksLiksjk Lih-½ tks LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa
mifLFkr gksrs gSa] esa iznw"kdksa ds vip; djus
dh ’kfDr’kkyh {kerk gksrh gS] ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:Ik iznwf"kr feV~Vh esa LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj feykus ls iznw"kdksa dk Lrj ?kVrk gS
¼vgykor rFkk lg;k sxh] 2007 l½
¼rkfydk&7½A
iz;ksx’kkyk esa f’kVkds [kqEc ls izkIr LisaV
iks"kk/kkj esa isUVkDyksjksfQuksy uked jlk;u ls
iznwf"kr feV~Vh feykdj rFkk bls Xywdkst]
fFk;kfeu vkSj [kfut yo.k ls lEiwfjr dj
21 fnuksa rd j[kus ds Ik’pkr ;g ik;k x;k
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
40
Rkkfydk
7. fofHkUu i
zdkj d
h feVV
h esa
LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj m
i;ksx d
jus d
s vfrfjDr
ykHk
feVV
h@O;FkZ
LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj
ykHk
Lkzksr
dk izd
kjdh fdLe
d‘"; feV
~VhLisaV
cVu
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj
moZjd
rk Lrj
] ty
/kkj.k
{kerk] laj
/kzrk
[kqEc m
Riknd
vkSj feV
~Vh d
h jp
uk e
sa o‘f)
gksrh gSA
Ikks"k.k jfgr
feV
~VhLisaV
cVu
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj
jpuk] ty
/kkj.k {ke
rk v
kSj i
ks"kd Lrj
es
dMkSl
rFkk eksjx
Ul]
1986(
o‘f) gksrh gSA
esgj] 1
991; c
s;j 1
996
Ikks"k.k jfgr
feV
~VhLisaV
cVu
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj
ih-,p-
vkSj t
Sfod d
kcZu
esa o‘f) g
ksrh gS
dMkSl
rFkk eksjx
Ul]
1886
tcfd r
kih; l
{kerk v
kSj O;kid
?kuRo d
ksde
djr
h gSA
IkSaVkDyksjksfQuksy
LisaV
f’kVkds [
kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj
44.4 l
s 60%
ih-l
h-ih-
dk fu"ikr
vkasdsds r
Fkk l
g;ksxh]
1993
lØafer
feV~V
h
IkSaVkDyksjksfQuksy
LisaV
f’kVkds [
kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj
50% ih-l
h-ih-
dk fu"ikr
cqloSy
] 19
95
lØafer
feV~V
h
Rkhu
rFkk pkj NY
ysLisaV
vk;LVj [kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj
3 NY
ys ;ksfxdksa esa
50-8
7% d
h deh v
kSj 4
bxu
rFkk lkld
] 20
02
;kSfxd l
Øafer
feV~V
hNY
ys ;ksfxdksa esa
34-4
3% d
h deh
Hkwfe
LFky t
ks fd
LisaV
cVu
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj
dyksjksfQuksy] c
gqpØh; l
aqxf/kr
tyh;
dkcZu
cqloSy
] 19
94; Qseksj rFkk
[krj
ukd O;FkksaZ
ds
vkSj l
aqxf/kr
eksuksejt
esa d
ehlg
;ksxh] 2
000
funku
ds fy,
mi;ksx
gksrs
gSaA
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
41
feVV
h@O;FkZ
LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj
ykHk
Lkzksr
dk izd
kjdh fdLe
[kkusa] uy
h fuekZ.k]
LisaV
cVu
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj
LFkyksa dk fLFkjhdj.k
cqloSy
] 19
94
okf.T
;d r
FkkvkS|ksfxd LFky
vykdyksj
LisaV
cVu
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj
vykdyksj
dh vn‘’;r
k dks c<
krh gS
g;wx
rFkk lg
;ksxh]
1995
lØafer
feVV
h
dod
&uk’kh]
LisaV
cVu
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj
dhVuk’kd
ksa vkSj Hkkjh /kkrqv
ksa dh vou
rh d
ksvgy
kor
rFkk
lg;ksxh]
dhVuk’kh r
Fkkc<
krk gSA
2009
; [kq-v
uq-funs-] l
ksyu
Hkkjh /kkr
qvksa ls
lØafer
feVV
h
dkxt
O;FkZ
LisaV
[kqEc i
ks"kk/kkj d
k vdZ
dkxt
O;FkZ
dks L;kgh jfgr
djr
k gSA
gSUlu
] 200
2; vgy
kor rFkk
lg;ksxh] 2
006
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
42
lgk;d ik;k x;k gS ¼fp=&21½ ¼vgykor
rFkk lg;ksxh] 2006 ch½A
fd iznwf"kr feV~Vh ls isUVkDyksjksfQuksy jlk;u
dk Lrj 44.4 ls 60.5 izfr’kr rd de gks
tkrk gSA LisaV vk;LVj [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks
iznwf"kr feV~Vh eas feykus ij ;g izFke 12
lIrkg esa 50 ls 87 izfr’kr rd rhu&pØh;
;kSfxdksa dks de djrk gS rFkk iznwf"kr feV~Vh
esa LisaV vk;LVj [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks iqu% feykus
ls rhu lIrkg ckn ;g Lrj 87 ls 99
izfr’kr rd c<+ tkrk gSA
pkj&pØh; ;kSfxdksa ij bldk izHkko de
gksrk gS rFkk ;g 34 ls 43 izfr’kr ds e/; esa
gksrk gS tks 12 lIrkg ds ckn iqu% LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj dks feykus ij 51.1 ls 59 izfr’kr
rd c<+ tkrk gSSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj] [krjukd
O;FkksZa dks O;ofL;r djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;s
tk jgs Hkwfe LFkyksa dks iznw"k.k ls eqDr djus
dh {kerk j[krk gSA cVu [kqEc dh dEiksLV esa
DyksjksfQukWYl] cgqpØh; lqxaf/kr gkbZMªksdkcZu
¼ikWyhlkbZfDyd ,sjkseSfVd gkbZMªksdkcZu~l½ rFkk
lqxaf/kr eksukselZ bR;kfn ls iznwf"kr feV~Vh dks
Bhd djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj ls izkIr dPpk rFkk vkaf’kd :Ik ls
’kq) vdZ dks fofHkUu izdkj ds jaxks ¼MkbZt½
dk ntkZ ?kVkus rFkk dkxt m|ksxksa ls fudys
fojatd nzO; rFkk L;kgh dks Qhdk djus eas
fp=&21
feV~Vh dks izHkkfor djus okys jklk;fud
iznw"kdksa dh f}rh; Js.kh esa ekuo fufeZr
QQwanuk’kd] [kjirokj uk’kd rFkk dhVuk’kd
vkrs gSa ftudk mi;ksx Qlyksa dks fofHkUu
izdkj ds jksxk.kqvksa] izfrLi/kZdksa rFkk dhM+ksa ls
cpkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ik¡p ih-ih-,e-
,ykDyksj ;qDr feV~Vh esa 5 izfr’kr dh nj ls
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ls feV~Vh esa ls
,ykDyksj tYnh yqIr gks tkrk gS rFkk ;g eVj
dh tM+ksa dh {kfr gksus ls cpkrk gSA ;g Hkh
ik;k x;k gS fd LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj lw{ethoksa
dh tula[;k dks lfØ; djrk gS ¼108-109½
rFkk bls 28 fnuksa rd cuk, j[krk gSA LisaV
[kqEc iks"kk/kkj eas lfØ; ,LiZftyl Lih-]
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
43
iSfulhfy;e Lih-] VªkbZdksMekZ Lih-] ,jkseksukWl
Lih- vkSj cSlhyl Lih- ,ykDyksj dks 7 fnu
ds vUnj fo?kfVr djus dh {kerk j[krs gSaA
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh HkkSfrd lajpuk rFkk
blesa iuirs lw{ethoksa ds dkj.k bls feV~Vh esa
feykus ls ;g fofHkUu dhVuk’kdksa dks fofo/k
njksa ls [kRe djrk gSA
i½ dhVuk’kdksa dk tSoh; mipkj
feV~Vh esa 10] 20 rFkk 30 izfr’kr dh nj
ls LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ls LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj jfgr feV~Vh dh rqyuk eas Msfll
esykfFk;kWu] csfoLVhu rFkk esUdkstSc rsth ls
[kRe gksrs gSaA feV~Vh esa 30 izfr’kr dh nj ls
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ls vPNs ifj.kke
izkIr gksrs gSa vkSj bldk izHkko 20 izfr’kr dh
nj ls LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ds yxHkx
cjkcj gksrk gSA ¼fp=&22½A
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ds dsoy ,d
eghus ckn gh dhVuk’kdksa ds lkanz.k ¼eSykfFk;kWu
rFkk MsYVkeSFkjhu½ dk Lrj ?kVdj vius
vkjfEHkd lkanz.k ls yxHkx vk/kk jg tkrk gS
rFkk N% eghus ds Ik’pkr ;g Lrj ux.; gks
tkrk gSA gkyk¡fd Msfll ¼MsYVkeSFkjhu½ esa
fo?kVu vf/kd rhoz xfr ls gksrk gS rFkk LisaV
[kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ds ik¡p eghus Ik’pkr
;g yxHkx ux.; Lrj rd igq¡p tkrk gSA
QQ¡wnuk’kdksa ¼dkcZsUMkfte rFkk esUdkstsc½ ds
ekeyksa esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks 30 izfr’kr
dh nj ls feV~Vh esa feykus ls fo|Vu
vf/kdre rst xfr ls gksrk gSA feV~Vh esa LisaV
[kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ds N% eghus Ik’pkr
feV~Vh esa dkcZsUMkfte dh mifLFkr vius
izkfjEHkd lknza.k ds Lrj dk yxHkx 6 izfr’kr
rd jg tkrh gSA feV~Vh esa 20 izfr’kr dh nj
ls LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykuk] 30 izfr’kr dh
nj ls LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj mipkj ds cjkcj
ifj.kke nsrk gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feyh gqbZ
feV~Vh dh rqyuk esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj jfgr
feV~Vh esa fofHkUu dhVuk’kdksa dh voufr
¼fo?kVu½ /kheh xfr ls gksrh gS rFkk cgqr defp=&22
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
44
gksrh gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds fofHkUu
lw{ethfo;ksa esa ls VªkbZdksMjek Lih-] ,LithZyl
Lih-] E;wdj Lih- o ch&1 cSDVhfj;y vkbZlksysV
esa mPp dhVuk’kd tSo voufr {kerk ikbZ xbZ
gS ¼vgykor rFkk lg;ksxh] 2007 lh] 2009½A
ii½ Hkkjh /kkrqvksa dk tSoh; mipkj
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj jfgr feV~Vh dh rqyuk
esa] 10] 20 rFkk 30 izfr’kr LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj ;qDr feV~Vh esa lhlk rFkk dSMfe;e
dk Lrj rhoz xfr ls ?kVrk gSA feV~Vh esa 30
izfr’kr dh nj ls LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus
ls ik;k x;k gS fd /kkrq,a lcls rhoz xfr ls
?kVrh gSaA iz;ksx’kkyk eas feV~Vh esa LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj feykus ds N% eghus ds Ik’pkr]
dsMfe;e rFkk lhls dk Lrj ?kV dj yqIr gks
tkrk gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feyh gqbZ feV~Vh
esa Hkkjh /kkrqvksa dk Lrj rhoz xfr ls ?kVus dk
dkj.k LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls i`Fkd gqvk tSoh;
ifjek.k gS tks ,d vk;u fofue; ds :Ik esa
dk;Z djrk gSA
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj eas iuius okys lw{etho
gh LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feyh feV~Vh esa Hkkjh
/kkrqvksa dh rhoz tSoh; mipkj ds fy, ftEesnkj
gksrs gSa ¼vgykor rFkk lg;ksxh] 2009½A
M+½ oehZ dEiksLV ¼dsapqvk [kkn½
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds fo?kVu eas de ls
de N% eghusa yxrs gSa rFkk vPNh [kkn rS;kj
djus esa yEck le; yxrk gS ijarq bl
vof/k dks LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh oehZ dEiksfLVax
ds }kjk dqN g¶rksa rd lhfer fd;k tk
ldrk gSA xkscj dh [kkn dks dsapqvksa ds [kk|
inkFkZ ds rkSj ij lcls vf/kd ojh;rk nh
tkrh gSA ijUrq [kqEc vuqla/kku funs’kky;]
lksyu esa bl fn’kk esa tks v/;;u fd;k x;k
gS mlesa ;g ik;k x;k gS fd iqvky] vk;LVj
rFkk cVu [kqEc ls fudys LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj
dks dsapqvk [kkn cukus ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk;k
tk ldrk gSA rktk vFkok 15 ls 20 fnu
iqjkuk lM+k&xyk cVu] f<axjh] nwf/k;k vkSj
iqvky [kqEc dk LisaV iks"kk/kkj dsapqvksa dh
tula[;k c<+ksÙkjh ds fy, ,d Lohdk;Z inkFkZ
gksrk gS rFkk bls Qlyksa esa iz;ksx gsrq ,d
vPNh [kkn ds :Ik esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks vdsys Hkh
dsapqvk [kkn cukus gsrq mi;ksx esa yk;k tk
ldrk gS ;k fQj bls xkscj dh [kkn] d‘f"k ;k
lCth mRiknu ls izkIr O;FkksZa ds lkFk feykdj
mudh izkI;rk ds vk/kkj ij iz;ksx esa yk;k tk
ldrk gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls dsapqvk [kkn
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
45
cukus gsrq xkscj dh [kkn ;k d‘f"k vFkok ?kjsyw
O;FkksZa ls dsapqvk [kkn rS;kj djus okyh fof/k
viukbZ tk ldrh gS ¼fp=&23½A fofHkUu
izdkj ds LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls dsapqvk [kkn
cuus dk le; Hkh fofo/k gksrk gS vkSj ;g 2
ls 2.5 eghus ds e/; esa rS;kj dh tk ldrh
gSA
vi;kZIr ek=k esa feyrh gS rFkk ftls vklkuh
ls miyC/k ukbVªkstu lzksr feykdj iwjk fd;k
tk ldrk gSA nwljh rjQ LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj
eas QkWLQksjl] iksVkf’k;e] lw{e iks"kd rRo
vkSj o‘f) dkjd inkFkZ Ik;kIZr ek=k rFkk
lqyHk :Ik miyC/k gksrsa gSaA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj
ls tSfod&[kfut moZjd rS;kj djds iks"kd
rRoksa dh miyC/krk c<+k;h tk ldrh gSA LisaV
[kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa fo|eku âqel feV~Vh dh
ukbVªkstu lks[kus dh {kerk feV~Vh ds Åijh
lrg ij cuk;s j[kus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
rhu fofHkUu lw=ksa ls rS;kj] 2] 7 vkSj 10
izfr’kr ukbVªkstu ;qDr rFkk izR;sd 2 izfr’kr
QkWLQsV o 2 izfr’kr iksVkf’k;e lEiwfjr tSfod
[kfut moZjd ikyd dh Qly ds fy, ,d
larqfyr tSfod moZjdksa dh ’kfDr nsrk gS rFkk
bldk iz;ksx djus ls ikyd dh iSnkokj ekud
moZjdksa ds leku gh gksrh gSA blds vfrfjDr
tSfod&[kfut moZjd ikyd dh xq.koRrk rFkk
’kq"d inkFkZ esaa Hkh lq/kkj ykrk gS tks [kfut
moZjdksa ds }kjk mipkj dh rqyuk esa vf/kd
gksrk gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls tSfod
[kfut&moZjd rS;kj djus dh fof/k dk isVsaV
l;qaDr jk"Vª vesfjdk eas fy;k tk pqdk gSA
fp=&23
p½ LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ,d tSfod moZjd
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj iks"kd rRoksa ls ;qDrgksrk gS rFkk blesa dqy ukbVªkstu dk yxHkx
80 izfr’kr fgLlk ca/kh gqbZ voLFkk esa gksrk gSA
lkFk gh blesa fyxfuu rFkk g;wfed inkFkkasZ ds
T;knk vk.kqfod Hkkj okys va’k gksrs gSaA LisaV
[kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls ukbVªkstu de ek=k esa /khjs&
/khjs fudyrh gS ftlls ikS/kksa dks iks"kdrk
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
46
N½ LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds }kjk chekfj;ksa dkizcU/ku
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh vuks[kh jklk;kfud
lajpuk vkSj lw{ethfo;ksa dh miyC/krk dh
otg ls] blds mi;ksx esa vuqeku ls dgha
vf/kd fofo/krk ykbZ tk ldrh gSA LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj esa ,dfVuksekbZlhV~l] cSDVhfj;k vkSj
QaQwn gksrs gSa tks u dsoy blds fo?kVu izfØ;k
esaa lgk;d gksrs gSa cfYd feV~Vh esa fo|eku
lk/kkj.k O;kf/k dkjdksa dk fojks/k djrs gSa vkSj
mudh tula[;k dks c<+us ls jksdrs gSaA feV~Vh
dks LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls mipkfjr djus ls
VekVj eas feykW;Mksx;kuh budksxuhVk uked
jksxk.kq ls mRiUu ikS/ks dh tM+ dh xk¡B uked
laØe.k ls cpk tk ldrk gSSA mijksDr jksxk.kq
ls yM+us ds fy, LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk iz;ksx
dkcksZ¶;wjku ¼2 fd-xzk-@gS-½ uked dhVuk’kd
dss mi;ksx ls Hkh T;knk izHkko’kkyh lkfcrgksrk gSA
iz;ksx’kkyk eas fd, x, v/;;uksa ls ;gKkr gksrk gS fd fuokZ;q ¼vukWDlhd`r½ fof/k ls[kehjhd‘r LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds vdZ esa ,siyLdsc uked fcekjh iSnk djus okys osUVwfj;k
bu,D;w,fyl uked QaQwn dks c<+us ls jksdus
dh {kerk gksrh gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk
vdZ pkj eghuksa rd fdlh Hkh rkieku ij
j[kk tk ldrk gS rFkk bldk ikS/kksa ij fNM+dko
djus ls ikS/kksa ij chekjh ds y{k.k dkQh de
vkrs gSaA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds vdZ dk tSfod
fo’ys"k.k djus ls irk pyrk gS fd blesa
L;wM+kseksukWl vkSj cSlhyl uked cSDVhfj;k
gksrs gSaA fofHkUu [kqEc bdkb;ksa ls izkIr LisaV
[kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa vyx&vyx izdkj dh lw{ethoh
gksrs gSa rFkk budk thok.kq vadqj.k vkSj chekjh
dh jksdFkke ij izHkko Hkh fHkUu gksrk gSA LisaV
[kqEc iks"kk/kkj vdZ ds xq.k vkVksDysfoax rFkk
fQYVj futhZohdj.k ds ckn Hkh izHkkoh cus
jgrs gSaA lsc ds isM+ ij gjh vxzHkkx ls ia[kqMh
ds fxjus rd LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds vdZ dk
lkIrkfgd ;k lIrkg esa nks ckj fNM+dko djus
ls ifRr;ksa ij LdSc izHkkfor Hkkx ?kVrk gSA
feV~Vh esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks cklkehM+
uked dhVuk’kd ds lkFk iz;ksx djus ls
flfyaMªksDysfM;e ldksikfj;e uked QaQwwn tks
iwjs fo’o eas loZO;kIr gS o fofHkUu ikS/kksa dk
jksxk.kq gS] dks dkQh de fd;k tk ldrk gSA
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
47
v/;k;&V
lkjka’k
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj eas dbZ d‘f"k lEcU/kh
leL;k,as gy djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA gkykWfd
vfrfjDr ykHk izkIr djus ds fy, bls dqN
vkjfEHkd mipkj tSls fuyZo.k djuk] yEcs
le; rd fuNkyu djuk rFkk iqu% [kkn
cukuk bR;kfn dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA LisaV
[kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa bldh pkydrk dks mPpyo.k
lkanz.k dk vk/kkj ekuk tkrk gSA vr% Qly
mxkus ls iwoZ bldh tk¡p vfrvko’;d gksrh
gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls fufeZr [kkn dh
mPp pkydrk esa vk;Ul dk ;ksxnku gksrk gaS
rFkk ;s ikuh esa vR;kf/kd ?kqyu’khy gksrs gSa
vkSj bUgsa [kkn ls fuNkfyr djuk lEHko gksrk
gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj mu O;FkksZa dh lwph dk
fgLlk Hkh ugha gksrk gS] ftudks Hkkjh /kkrqvksa
vkSj QkWLQsV dh ek=k okyh Js.kh esa j[kk x;k
gSA btjkby esa viuk;k x;k d`f"k O;ZFk dk
mi;ksx djus dk vk/kqfud rjhdk LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj ds iqu% mi;ksx ds fy, viuk;k tk
ldrk gS D;ksafd blesa vUr esa dksbZ Hkh vo’ks"k
ugha cprk gSA
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk nksgu Ik;kZoj.k
izcU/ku] d‘f"k rFkk iqu% pfØr ;ksX; mtkZ
mRiknu gsrq fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlds fy,
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds HkkSfrd] jklk;fud rFkk
lq{etSfod xq.kksa ij iw.kZ /;ku j[kuk t:jh gSA
d‘f"k] Ik;kZoj.k rFkk iqu% pfØr ÅtkZ esa blds
fofo/k mi;ksx gesa bldk uke] LisaV [kqEc
iks"kk/kkj dh ctk; iz;qDr [kqEc iks"kk/kkj eas
ifjofrZr djus ds fy, foo’k djrk gS
¼fp=&28½A
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
48
Rkkfydk 8. LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj rFkk O;FkksZa dk pfØ;dj.k
iwu% pfØr Øe mRikn O;FkZ
dikl mRiknu js’kk ikS/kakas ds vo’ks"k
vk;LVj [kqEc dk vo’ks"k ij mRiknu vk;LVj [kqEc LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk i’kq pkjs esa mi;ksx Ekk¡l vkSj nw/k [kkn
Ckk;ksxSl mRiUu djus ds fy, [kkn dks lMkuk feFksu mtkZ vo’ks"k ¼dkcqV~t½
dkcqV~t dk dsflax feV~Vh ds :Ik esa cVu [kqEc CkVu [kqEc LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkjmxkus ds fy, mi;ksx
tSfod [ksrh ds fy, LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj tSfod [kk| Qlysa vkxs dksbZ O;FkZ ughadh [kkn dk iqu% mi;ksx
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
49
LaknHkZ
1- vgykor] vks-ih-] vgykor dqlqe]banqjkuh lh-] fot;] ch-] ,aM /kj] ch-,y- ¼2004½ dSfedy dEiksft’ku ,aM,atkbesfVd ,sdfVohVh vkWQ LisaV iSMhLVªk ,aM vkW;LVj e’k:e lcLVsªVl]e’k:e lkbZUl 16: 553-559-
2- vgykor] vks-ih-] nso jkt] lkxj],e-ih-] xqIrk] iznhi] ,aM fot;] ch-¼2006½ bQSDV vkWQ fjdEiksLfVM LisaVe’k:e lcLVªsV vkWu ;hYM ,aMDokWfyVh vkWQ dksfy¶ykWoj ¼czSfldkvkWysjsf’k;k ,y-oj- ckWVªkbfVl½ e’k:efjlpZ 15 ¼2½% 149-152-
3- vgykor] vks-ih-] nso jkt] lkxj],e-ih-] xqIrk] iznhi] ,aM fot;] ch-¼2006½ bQSDV vkWQ fjdEiksLfVM cVue’k:e LisaV lcLVªsV vkWu xzksFk] ;hYM,aM DokWfyVh vkWQ ftutWj ¼ftthcjvkWQhlhusy½] bafM;u tuZy vkWQe’k:el 24 ¼1 o 2½% 13-18-
4- vgykor] vks-ih-] xqIrk] iznhi] nsojkt] ,aM fot;] ch- ¼2006½ MkbZMhDyksjkbZts’ku iksVsuf’k;y vkWQ LisaVlcLVªsVl QzkWe ,Xksfjdl ckbZLiksjl,aM IywjksVl ,l-ih-&, yscksjsVªh LVMh]e’k:e fjlpZ 15 ¼1½% 75-82-
5- vgykor] vks-ih-] bUnqjkuh] lh- ,aMlkxj] ,e-ih- ¼2005½ LisaV e’k:elcLVsªV izksiVhZt ,aM fjlkbdfyax QkWjcsfufQf’k;y ijiflt+] e’k:eck;ksVSDuksyksth ¼vkj-Mh-jk;] vkj-lh- mik/;k; ,aM ,l-vkj- ’kekZ]lEiknd½ Ik‘- 314-334] jk"Vªh; [kqEcvuqla/kku dsUnz ¼fg-iz-½] Hkkjr-
6- vgykor] vks-ih-] lkxj] ,e-ih-]nsojkt] bUnqjkuh] lh-] xqIrk] iznhi,aM fot;] ch-¼2007½ bQSsDV vkWQLisaV e’k:e lcLVsªV vkWu ;hYM vkWQdsfIlde ,sue] bafM;u tuZy vkWQgkfVZdYpj 64¼4½% Ik‘- 430-434-
7- vgykor] vks-ih-] lkxj] ,e-ih-]nso jkt] xqIrk] iznhi ,aM fot;] ch-¼2007½ bQSDV vkWQ fjdEiksLfVMcVu e’k:e LisaV e’k:e lcLVsªVvkWu xzksFk ,aM ;hYM ,VªhC;wVl vkWQOghV ¼fVªVhde ,LVhoe ,y-½] e’k:efjlpZ 16¼1½% 41-46-
8- vgykor] vks-ih-] xqIrk] iznhi ,aMdqekj ,l- ¼2007½ LisaV e’k:elcLVsªV & , Vwy QkWj ck;ksfjfefM;s’ku]e’k:e lkbal ,aM ck;ksVSDuksyksth
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
50
¼vkj-Mh- jk;] ,l-ds-flag] ,e-lh-;kno ,aM vkj-ih- frokjh] laiknd½]Ik‘- 341-366] e’k:e lkslk;Vh vkWQbafM;k] ,u-vkj-lh-,e-] lksyu ¼fg-iz-½] Hkkjr-
9- vgykor] vks-ih-] xqIrk] iznhi] dqekj]lrh’k ,aM ’kekZ] Mh-ds- ¼2009½ck;ksfjfefM;s’ku vkWQ QaftlkbMl ck;WLis aV e’k:e lcLVsªV ,aM bVl,lksfl,fVM ekbØksQyksjk] bafM;u tuZyvkWQ ekbØzksck;ksyksth ¼Lohd‘r½-
10- vgykor] vks-ih-] nso jkt] bUnqjkuh]lh-] lkxj] ,e-ih-] xqIrk] iznhi ,aMfot;] ch- ¼2009½ bQSDV vkQW LisaVe’k:e LkcLVsªV fjdEiksLfVM ck;W fMQjsaVeSFkMLk ,aM vkQW fMQjsaV ,st vkWuosftVsfVo xzksFk ,aM ;hYM vkWQ VksesVks¼ykbdksiflZdkWu ,sLdwysuVe fey½] bafM;utuZYk vkWQ gkfVZdYpj ¼LohÑr½-
11- cs;j] ,e- ¼1996½ bEiSDV vkWQ ne’k:e baMLVªh vkWu n buok;jueSaV]e’k:e U;wt 44¼11½% 6-13-
12- cqloSy] ts-,s- ¼1994½ iksVsuf’k;yvkWQ LisaV e’k:e lcLVsªV QkWjck;ksfjfefM;s’ku ijiflt+] dEiksLVlkbZUl ,aM ;wfVykbZts’ku 2¼3½% 31-
36-
13- cqloSy] ts-,s- ¼1995½ iksVsuf’k;yvkWQ LisaV e’k:e lcLVsªV QkWjck;ksfjfefM;s’ku ijiflt+] e’k:e U;wt43¼5½% 28-34-
14- pkSax] ,V vky- ¼1988½ izksflafMax]vksUVsfj;ksa gkfVZ- dzkWILk dkUQzSal] e’k:elS’ku 8 Ik‘-
15- pkSax] lh- ,aM fjadj] Mh- ,y- ¼1994½;wt vkWQ LisaV e’k:e lcLVsªV QkjxzksbZax vkQW dUVsujkbTkM oqMh vkWjukesaVyl%,u- vksoj O;w]] dEiksLV lkbZUl ,aM;wfVykbZts’ku 2¼3½% 45-53-
16- MsoksukYM] vks- oh-th- ¼1987½ LisaVe’k:e dEiksLV] , iksflcy xzksbZaxfefM;e bUxzhMsaV] dEiksLV izksMD’ku]DokfyVh ,aM ;wt- b,y,l] vizSy]lkbZal yaMu % 785-791-
17- MwMaj] vks] iDLkks;] ,e- ,aM vckd]ds- ¼1995½ DokfyVh psaftl+ M;wfjaxdksYM LVksjst vkWQ VksesVks QzwVl xzksubu fMQjsaV lcLVsªVl] QlZV baVjus’kuyflEIkksft;e vkWu lksyusfl;k QkWj QzS’kekdsZV] eyk;k] Lisu] 28-31 ekpZ]1995-
18- Qsg] ,p- ds- ,aM osLV] ih-ts- ¼1984½csLV izSdfVflt+ QkWj bUok;juesaVy
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
51
izksVsD’ku bu n e’k:e QkeZ dEiuh]psLVj dkaÅVh Iykfuax deh’ku psLVj]ih-,- Ik‘- 65-
19- QeZj] Vh-] olYl] ,u-] Mwudksac]sVh-] cqzd] vkj- esDdsfFkZ] ,-] lsEiys]d s - , aM fjM] ch- ¼2000½ck;ksfjfefM;s’ku% ;wt vkWQ dEiksLVl,aM dEiksLfVax VSDuksyksftl+] e’k:elkbZal 15¼2½% 833-839-
20- QkWDl] vkj- ,aM dzksoj] ts- ¼1999½lhfdax , dS’k ØzkWi bu LisaV lcLVsªVhttp:/aginfo.psu.edu/psa/sgg/
mushrooms.html.
21- Xkqvks] ,e] dzksoj] ts-] jkslkfj;ks] vkj-,aM QkWDl] vkj- ,p- ¼2001½ yhpsVdsehLVªh vkQW QhYM osnjM LisaV e’k:elcLVsªV] tuZy ,uOkk;ju- DokfyVh106¼8½% 208-209-
22- XkqIrk] iznhi] bUnqjkuh] lh-] vgykor]vks-ih-] fot;] ch- ,aM esnhjRrk] oh-¼2004½ fQftdksdsfedy izksifVZt vkWQLisaV e’k:e lcLVsªVl vkWQ ,xsfjdlckbLiksjl] e’k:e fjlpZ 13¼2½% 84-
94-
23- gq;ksax] ts- MCY;w] g;w-] lh- d-s] rstsax]Mh- Mh- ,l- ,aM ,uth-] ds- ,p-¼1995½ bQSDV vkWQ lkWby vesafMMfon~ LisaV xksYMu e’k:e dEiksLV vku
,sfyfo;sfVax QkbZVksVkWDfLsVh vkWQ ,YdksyksjVw lhMfyax vkWQ xkMZUk ih- IykaViSFkksyksth cqySfVu 4¼2½% 76-82-
24- dMkSLk] ,Q- th- ,- ,aM eksxZUl] ,-,l- ¼1986½ LisaV e’k:e dEiksLV,aM Mhi fyVj Qk;Wy eSU;ksj ,t ,lkWby vWehyh;ksjsaV QkWj osftVscyt+]izkslhfMax vkWQ lQsZl lkWby eSaustesaVjksVk:vk] U;thySaM 138-147-
25- bxu] Vh- ,aM lkld] oh- ¼2002½;wt vkWQ ,fMcy ,aM esfM’kuyvk;WLVj e’k:e ¼IywjksVl vkWLVsªVl½LisaV daiksLV bu fjfefM;s’ku vkWQdSfedyh iksY;wfVM lkWbyl] baVjus’kuytuZy esfMf’kuy e’k:el 4¼3½% 255-
261-
26- yksgj] oh- vkbZ- ,aM dksQs;] Mh-,y- ¼1987½ xzksFk fjLiksflal vkWQflMfyaxl Vw osfjax jsVLk vkWQ ÝzS’k,aM ,t+M LisaV e’k:e dEiksLV] gkVZlkabZl 22¼5½% 913-915-
27- esgj] ,e-ts- ¼1991½ LisaV e’k:edEiksLV ¼,l,elh½ ,t+ , U;wfVª;aVlkslZ bu ihV cslM iksafVax lcLVsªV]e’k:e lkabZUl 13¼2½% 645-650-
28- uh] lh- lh-] pkm] Mcy;w-] okbZ- ,aMpsu] ,l- ¼1994½ LVMh vkWu dEiksLVvkWQ foaVj e’k:e & , fj;wt+M
LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku
52
fefM;e QkWj ijlheu iksafVax] ts-,xzhdYPkj ,aM QkWjsLVªh 43¼4½% 39-
44-
29- vksdsds] ch- lh-] fLeFk] t-s b-] isVlZu],- ,aM okVLku Øzsd] vkbZ- ,- ¼1993½,j k s fcd e sV kc k s fyte vk WQisaVkDyksjksfQuksy ck;W LisaV lkMLVdYpj vkQW *f’kVkds e’k:e ¼ysaVkbulbMksMl½] bu lkWby ck;ksVsd ySVj15% 1077-1080-
30- jk;Wl] Mh- ts- ¼1993½ fjlkbZdfyaxvkWQ LisaV f’kVkds lcLVsªV QkWj izksMD’kuvkWQ n vk;WLVj e’k:e ¼IywjksVLklktksj dktw½] e’k:e U;wt 41¼2½%14-18-
31- ’kekZ] ,p- ,l- ,l-] Qqjyhu] ,-,aM yk;Wul] th- ¼1999½ dEisjsfVovlslesaV vkWQ fpysfVM ,l,e,l ,t+dsflax eSfVfj;y QkWj izksMD’ku vkWQ,xsfjdl ckbLik sjl] viykbZMekbZØzksck;yksth ,aM ck;ksVsduksykWth 52
¼3½% 366-372-
32- ltfeV] vkj- ,- ds- ¼1994½fjlkbZdfyax vkWQ Lis aV e’k:elcLVsªVl ck;W ,jksfcd dEiksfLVax VwizksM;wl ukWoy gkfVZdYPkjy lcLVsªVLk]dEIkksLV lkbZal ,aM ;wfVykbZts’ku 2¼3½%63-72-
33- oekZ] vkj- vkj- ¼1986½ ,sQhdslhvkWQ vkWjxsfud vWesaMesaVl vxsULVesfyvksMksxkbZuh budkWxfuVk buQsfLaVxVksesVks] bfUM;u tuZy vkWQ usekVksykWth16¼1½% 105-106-
34- folfuoLdk] th- ,p- ,aM isufdfolt]Vh- ¼1989½ boSy;q,’kWu vkWQ nlwVWfcfyVh vkWQ LisaV e’k:e lcLVsªVQkj V;wfyi dYVhos’ku] ÁSlbUlVk;VwV LMksouhVok&bZ&dokbfljLVok&McY;w-&Ldkbjukbohdop- lfj;k&ch&jkstfyu&vkstMkscuh] 14% 7-14-
35- osLV] ih- ts- ,aM Qsg] ,p- ds-¼1991½ LisaV e’k:e dEiksLV VsªVl,aM ;wftl+] e’k:e U;wt 39¼12½% 9-
15-
36- ;ksgsYe] Mh- ,l-] gSfjl] vkj- ,Q-,aM ,aMªh;wl] ts- ,p- ¼1994½,d~fovWl ,DLVSªDVl vkWQ LisaV e’k:elcLVsªV QkWj Qksfyvj fMtht+ daVªksy]dEiksLV lkbZal ,aM ;wfVykbZts’ku 2¼4½%67-74-
37- >Sax] lh- d-s] xksax] ,Q- ,aM fy] Mh-,l- ¼1995½ , uk sV vkWu n;wfVykbZts’ku vkWQ LisaV e’k:edEiksLVl] bu ,suheWy QhMl]ck;ksfjlkslZ VSDuksykWth 52% 89-91-