6. 4. 1. 3 : sp3, sp2 sp-. 2. H H 1 C 2 C 3 C H 4 H C H H :
1,3-sp2- 2-sp- 4-sp3-. 3. sp- 2 , sp2- 1 , sp3 . 4. ) sp2- 120; )
sp- 180; , 2 , 3 ) sp- - 90; , 2 , 2 3 ) sp - 10928; 0,608 . ) 90;
6
7. 1. 5. 1. )CH2 ) 323 ; CH2 ) 32 CH ; O )CH3 CH2 C H ) CH3NH2
; ) CH3CH2NO2 O ) CH3 C OH CH3 )CH C 3 ) ) N O ) CH3 C O C2H5 2. :
) () 32 O ) ) O C ( ) O CH3 C H ) C O CH3 C O CH3 C CH3 ( ) OH OH )
33 O CH3 C O CH3 7
11. CH3 CH3 2) CH3 C CH2 CH3 CH3 C CH3 CH3 2,2- CH3 2,2- 4. , ,
, .. CH3 CH3 H C C H CH3 --2 C H H --2 H H CH2 C CH2 C CH3 C CH2 C
CH3 CH3 CH2 C H -1,2- CH3 H CH3 -1,2- 5. * CH3 CH CH2 CH3 OH , ..
CH3 CH3 H C2H5 HO OH H C2H5 6. : ) 614 CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3 322223
CH3 CH3 CH3 C CH2 CH3 CH3 CH CH CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 ) 38 , , 322 CH3 CH
CH3 OH 323 11
12. ) 410 , , : 3222 CH3 CH CH2 OH CH3 CH2 CH CH3 CH3 OH 3223
3223 ) 48 , , , . CH2 CH CH2 CH3 CH2 C CH3 CH3 CH CH3 CH3 C CH3 CH
CH3 CH3 H CH3 C C C H CH3 H H ) C4H9Cl , CH3 CH CH2 Cl
CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl CH3 CH3 CH2 CH Cl CH3 7. : O CH3 | 3 l | CH3 O 1)
CH3 CH2 C CH3 C CH3 H 2) 322 -1 CH3 CH CH3 -2 323 3) CH3 C O OH O
CH3 O CH3 CH2 C OH 12
35. 8. 2CH3OH + 2Na 2CH3ONa + H2 CH3 CH3 2CH3 C CH3 + H2 2CH3 C
CH3 + 2Na ONa OH , .. , 2--2. , 3 , 2--2 . , . 9. 2CH3 CH CH3 + H2
2CH3 CH CH3 + 2Na ONa OH + CH3 CH CH3 + HBr H CH3 CH CH3 + H2O OH
Br 2- 10. CH3 CH2 CH2 OH + CuO t O CH3CH2 C CH3 CH CH3 + CuO OH t H
+ H2O + Cu CH3 C CH3 + H2O + Cu O 11. CH2 CH CH3 + 2H2O Cl Cl CH2
CH CH3 + 2HCl OH OH -1,2 CH2 CH CH3 + H2O CH2 CH CH3 + HCl Cl Cl OH
1--2 Cl CH2 CH CH3 + H2O CH2 CH CH3 + HCl Cl OH Cl 2--1 Cl 35
36. 12. Pt CH CH2OH + H2 CH2 CH3 CH2 CH2 OH -1 + CH2 CH CH2OH +
H2O H CH3 CH CH2 OH OH -1,2 CH2 CH CH2OH + Cl2 CH2 CH CH2OH Cl Cl
2,3--1 CH2 CH CH2OH + HCl CH3 CH CH2OH Cl 2--1 13. CH2 OH CH OH +
CH3COOH O H+ CH2 OH CH2 OH CH OH + 2CH3COOH CH2 OH CH2 OH CH OH + 3
CH3COOH CH2 OH O CH2 O C CH3 O CH O C CH3 + 3 H2O O CH2 O C CH3 H+
CH2 O C CH3 CH OH CH OH 2 O CH2 O C CH3 CH OH + 2 H2O O CH2 O C CH3
O CH2 O C CH3 O H+ CH O C CH3 + 3 H2O O CH2 O C CH3 CH2 OH CH OH +
3CH3C CH2 OH 14. x 8,96 2 (14 n +18) 22, 4 2Cn H 2 n +1OH + 2 Na
2Cn H 2 n +1ONa + H 2 36 + H2O O OH
37. x 56 (14 n +18) 14 n Cn H 2 n +1OH Cn H 2 n + H 2O
22,4x=8,962(14n+18); x=0,8(14n+18) 14nx=56(14n+18);
14n0,8(14n+18)=56(14n+18) 11,2n=56; n=5 C5H11OH CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
CH3 CH CH2 CH2OH CH3 CH2 CH CH2OH CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 C CH2 CH2OH CH3
CH2 CH2 CHCH3 OH CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 C CH2CH3 CH3 CH CHCH3 OH OH CH3
CH2 CH CH2CH3 OH 15. x 2Cn H 2 n +1OH + 2 Na 2Cn H 2 n +1ONa + x x
2 H2 nx Cn H 2 n +1OH + 1,5nO 2 nCO 2 + (n + 1)H 2O nx C4H9OH = 8 ;
2n=8; n=4 x 2 CH3 CH CH2CH3 ; : CH CH CH CH 3 2 3 OH OH 16. C2H5OH
+ HCl C2H5Cl + H2O 1. , . 2. , , H2SO4 3. , . 4. . 37
38. 18. 1. HO CH3 CH3 OH C2H5 OH 3- H3C 2,5- 4- 2. , , , , , .
.. +I , . 2 , . 3. ONa OH + 2 + 2 O + NaCO3; OH + Na+ + H2O + CO2 O
- + Na+ + CO3 OH + H2O + CO2 + CO3 . 4. OH OH H CH2 OH CH2 H + H H
H + H C O H OH H H + H2O H 38
39. OH OH H OH CH2 OH CH2 CH2 H H2O H H OH H OH CH2 H H OH OH
CH2 CH2 H + H H H H H C + H OH H H + O H2O H OH H OH CH2 OH CH2 H
OH CH2 H H OH H OH H + nO (n+1) OH CH2 H OH H2 CH2 H OH CH2 H C + n
H2O H H a 2C x H yOH + 2Na 2C x H yONa+ H a 2 H2 2Cn H 2n-7OH + 2Na
2Cn H 2n-7ONa+ n1 H ; 2 H2 a 0,168 =0,0075 ; + = 0,015 ; V(2) = + =
22,4 2 2 V(Br2) = (160 0,025 ) 160 = 0,025 . , . a 2 Cx H yH + Br2
= Cx H y Br2 OH ; 2n-7OH + 2Br2 =2Cn H 2n-9Br2OH+ 2HBr + 2 = 0,025;
= 0,005; = 0,01 : 0,005 (12x +y + 17) + 0,01 (14x + 10) = 1,37 12x
+ y + 28x = 237; n (n 7) : = 3, y = 5; n= 7. : 35, 77. : W(C3H5OH)
= (0,005 58) 1,37 =0,212 ; W(C7H7OH) = 1 0,212 = 0,788 39
40. 19. 1. 1 , 3. O CH3 C CH3 H C H O ( , , ) (, -2) 2. ) 2-; )
3-; ) 3- 3. K : CH3 CH2 CH2 C O CH3 CH C H CH3 2- H - CH3 C CH2 CH3
O , : CH2 CH3 CH CH CH2 CH2 OH 3--1 CH2 CH CH2 OH 2--1 CH CH CH3 OH
3--2 CH3 CH2 CH2 C CH3 CH C CH3 O H + H2 O H + H2 Ni CH3 CH2 CH2CH2
OH -1 Ni CH3 CH CH2OH CH3 2--1 Ni CH3 C CH2 CH3 + H2 CH3 CH CH2 CH3
OH -2 O CH2 = CH CH2 CH2 OH + H2 Ni CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH -1 40 O
41. CH3 CH = CH CH2 OH + H2 CH2 = CH CH CH3 + H2 Ni Ni CH3 CH2
CH2 CH2 OH -1 CH3 CH2 CH CH3 OH -2 OH 4. O 16 Ni + H2 CH3OH H O Vm
n = 22,4 / 1 = 22,4 1. V HC H x HC m(CH3OH) = M(CH3OH) n = 32 / 1 =
32 O x 16 Ni 2. H C CH3OH + H2 22,4 H 32 16 22,4 16 ;= = 11,2 H C =
32 22,4 32 O H 11,2 298 V T V V = 12,23 H C 3. 1 = 2 ; V2 = 1 2 ;
V2 = 273 T1 T2 T1 O : V1 H C H = 11,2 .. , V2 H C O H O H = 12,23
25 . 5. CH3 C CH3 + H2 Ni CH3 CH CH3 O OH M(C3H8O) = 312+81 + 116 =
60 /. : M(C3H8O)=60 / 6. O H C H O H C H O + Ag 2O H C +
2[Ag(NH3)2]OH O + 2Ag H O H C + 2Ag + 4NH3 + H2O OH H C OH , , O +
Ag2O CO2 + H2O + 2Ag H C OH 41
42. 7. O Cn H2n+1 C H O + Ag2O + 2Ag Cn H2n+1 C OH 14n + 1 + 12
+ 32 + 1 = 88; n = 3. . CH3 CH2 CH2 C CH3 CH C CH3 O + Ag2O H O +
Ag2O H O CH3 CH2 CH2 C + 2Ag OH O CH3 CH C CH3 + 2Ag OH 2- 8. x CH3
C CH3C O + Ag2O H z O + KOH OH y CH3 C CH3C 0,54 + 2Ag OH O + H2O
OK O 1. m(Ag) = M(Ag) n = 108 / 2 = 216 m(3) = M(3) n = 44 / 1 = 44
m() = M() n = 56 / 1 = 56 m(3) = M(3) n = 60 / 1 = 60 x CH3 C O H +
Ag2O 44 y CH3 C 60 0,54 + 2Ag OH 216 O O 44 0,54 0,54 = 0,11 CH3C
2. ;= = 216 44 216 H y 0,54 60 0,54 ;y= = 0,15 (3) = 216 60 216 z
0,15 O CH3C + KOH OH 56 60 3. O CH3C OK + H2O z 0,15 ; z= 56 0,15 =
0,14 . : m(CH3CHO)=0,11, m(KOH)=0,14 . = 60 56 60 9. : 1. Cu(OH)2 ;
, (Cu2O), , , . 42
43. O CH3 C H O t + 2Cu(OH)2 CH3 C OH + Cu 2O + 2H2O 2. ; , , ,
, . O CH3 C H O + Ag2O CH3 C 10. O CH 3 CH 2 C H + 2Ag O t +2Cu (OH
)2 OH CH 3 CH 2 C OH + Cu 2 O +2H 2 O (I) : Cu(OH)2, Cu2O. 11.
CxHyOz + O2 CO2 + H2O V 12 3,36 44 = 6,6 ; m(C) = 6,6 = 1,8 ;
m(CO2) = M= Vm 44 22,4 m(H2O) = 2,7 1 / = 2,7 ; m(H) = 2 2,7 = 0,3
; 18 m(O) = 4,5 1,8 0,3 = 2,4 . 1,8 0,3 2,4 CxHyOz ; x : y : z = =
0,15 : 0,3 : 0,15 = 1 : 2 : 1 : : 12 1 16 CH2O M D = ; - = 1,035
28,9 30 /; (2) = 30 / 2 . O , H C H , , .. , Formica Rufa . , , , .
. 12. : O CH3 CH2 C H + Br2 O CH3 CH C Br + HBr H 2- 43
44. Br O CH3 CH2 C H + 2Br2 CH3 C C O + 2HBr H Br 2,2- O O CH3
CH2 C + Br2 CH2 CH2 C + H + HBr H H Br 3- - : O O H+ CH3 CH2 C +
Br2 C3 CH C + HBr H H Br 13. CxHyOz + [O] R C O OH 14,8 R C (R+45)
O + NaHCO3 OH 4,48 R C O + H2O + CO2 ONa 22,4 14,8 (-) 4,48 (CO2)
(R+45) (-) 22,4 (CO2) 14,822,4 = 4,48(R+45); 14,8 = 0,2(R+45);
R=74-45=29=C2H5 11,6 14,8 y 74 C x H yOz + [O] = C2H5COOH 11,6 (-)
14,8 (-) 11,6 74 ; y= = = 58 (-) 74 ( - ) 14,8 ( ) C2H5 C O H :
C2H5 C O H 14. x H C 30 O + 4 [Ag(NH3)2]OH H y CH3 C 44 O +
2[Ag(NH3)2]OH H CO2 + 4 Ag + 3 H2O + 8 NH3 432 CH3COOH + 2Ag + 4NH3
+ H2O
46. V() = 406,4/0,21= 1935 =1,94 3; V(CO2) = 0,352 18 + 0,391
16 = 12,6 ; V(CO2) = 12,6 22,4 = 282 ; V(2O)= V(CO2)= 12,6 ; m =
(H2O)= 12,6 18 = 226,8 . : 1,94 3 ; 282 2; 226,8 2. 5. 1735 + 262
182 + 18 2 1531 + 232 162 + 16 2 1. M(C17H35COOH) = 284 /;
M(C15H31COOH) = 256 / . 284 + 256 = 200, 540 = 200, = 0,37; 0,37 .
2. n1(O2) = 26 0,37 = 9,62 n2(O2) = 23 0,37 = 8,51 . n(2) = 9,62 +
8,51 = 18,13 V(O2) = Vm n = 22,4 / 18,13 = 406,112 V = 406,112 =
1933,867 1,934 3. : V = 1,934 3. 0,21 6. O O Fe2O3 + 6CH3C 2 CH3C
OH O Fe + 3H2O 3 Fe2O3 + 6H+ 2Fe3+ + 3H2O O O Fe(OH)3 + 3CH3C CH3C
OH O Fe + 3H2O 3 Fe(OH)3 + 3H+ Fe3+ + 3H2O , .. , (III), Fe2O3
Fe(OH)3 , . 7. NaHCO3 + CH3C O OH O CH3C ONa + H2O + CO2 , . 8. O
CCl3C OH , O CHCl2C OH, O CH2ClC OH, O CH3C . 46 OH , O C2H5C
OH
47. , , , Cl C C OH , , Cl . , , . Cl O Cl H O H C C Cl OH O C
C H Cl OH , .. 25 +I , 3, .. . 9. , , : . H O O ; H C OH O + Ag2O
CO2 + H2O + 2Ag 10. O 3 2Ck H2 k+1 C + Mg OH O 1. m CkH2 k+1 C 0,56
(Ck H2k+1 COO)2Mg + H2 O n=(14k+46) /2 =(28k+92) = M CkH2k + C OH
OH V(H2) = Vm n = 22,4 / 1 = 22,4 0,56 3 2Ck H 2k+1COOH + Mg
(CkH2k+1COO)2Mg + H 2 22,4 (28k+92) 2. 3 0,56 = ; 15,68k + 51,52 =
67,2; k = 1 28k+92 22,4 O CH3C O . : CH3C OH OH 47
48. 11. I. 1) 2CH3COOH + 2Na 2CH3COOHa + H 2 2) 2CH3COOH + Na2
2CH3COONa + H 2O 3) CH3COOH + Na CH3COONa + H2 4) 2CH3COOH + Na23
2CH3COONa + H2 + II. . P CH3COOH + Br2 CH2BrCOOH + HBr III. .
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CO 2 O H2SO4 CH3C OC2H5 + H2O IV. . O 3CH3COOH +
PCl3 3CH3C + H3PO3 Cl 12. . O CH2 O + Br2 CH C CH2 CH C OH OH Br Br
. 13. O H C OH + CH3OH H2SO4 O H C O CH3 14. + H2O O , : CH3 CH2 C
O H O O 1) 2CH3 CH2 C + 2Na OH 48 2CH3CH2C + H2 ONa
49. O O 2) CH3CH2C + H2O ONa O Mg + H2O CH3CH2C O 2 O + H2O +
CO2 2CH3CH2C ONa O + HCl CH3CH C OH Cl O + H2O CH3 CH2C O CH 3 O
3CH3 CH2C + H3PO3 CH3CH2C + NaOH OH O 3) 2CH3CH2C + MgO OH O 4)
2CH3CH2C OH + Na2CO3 O 5) 3CH2C CH OH P + Cl2 O 6) H CH C 3 2 OH 7)
3CH CH C 3 2 + CH3OH O OH + PCl3 Cl K : O O CH3 C H C O CH2 CH3 O
CH3 : 1) CH3 C O O CH3 C + H2O OH O CH3 O O + H2O H C + CH3CH2OH H
C OH O CH2 CH3 O 2) CH3 C + NaOH OCH3 O CH3 C + CH3OH ONa O +
CH3CH2OH HC ONa O H C + CH3OH + NaOH O CH2 CH3 15. : O H C O CH3
49
50. O O + H2O H C + CH3OH H C O CH3 O H 16. O O ) CH3 C O ) O
CH3 C C OH HO O Cl O ) H C C ) H C OH Cl O OH O O ) CH3 C C CH3 )
CH3 C O CH2 CH3 O Mg O O O ) CH2 ) H C CH C O CH2 CH3 OH 17. O O H
C H C OH ( ) Cl O O C2H5 () H H C C Cl OH ( ) O C H O C OH ( ) O O
C C H3C C O C2H5 () O Mg H3C C O 2 50 H C HO OH ( ) O H3C C O CH3
()
51. 18. 1,12 3,2 Cn H 2 n +1COOH + NaHCO3 Cn H 2 n +1COONa + H
2O + CO 2 ( R + 45) 22,4 x 5 22, 4 100 CO 2 + Ca (OH) 2 CaCO3 + H
2O 22,4 (CO 2 ) - 100 (CaCO3 ) x (CO 2 ) - 5 (CaCO3 ) x = 1,12 (CO
2 ) 3,7 (-) 1,12 (CO2) (R+45) (-) 22,4 (CO2) 3,722,4=1,12(R+45);
74=R+45; R=29=C2H5 : C2H5COOH 1,12 CO2. 21. . 1. : R1OR2 O : R1 C O
R2 , ( ), C O ; , . 2. , , . O O + H2O + R2 OH R1 C R1 C O R2 O H
3. 2 . O O H C = 4 1 + 2 12 = 60 / O CH3 : m(H) = 4 1 = 4 ; m(C) =
2 12 = 24; m(O) = 2 16 = 32 () = 0,0667 6,67%; () = 0,5333 53,33%
() = 0,4 40% O CH3 M H C 51
52. O H C OH + CH3OH H2SO4 O H C O CH3 + H2O 3 + 22 = 22 22 O +
CH3OH H C H C + H2O O CH3 O H O 4. , , , . . , . 5. : , . 6. 4 :
CH2 CH CH2 O O CH2 O C C15H31 CH2 O C C15H31 O O CH O C C15H31 CH O
C C17H35 O O CH2 O C C17H35 CH2 O C C15H31 O O O C C17 H35 O C C17
H35 CH2 CH2 O O CH O C C15 H31 CH O C C17H35 O O O C C17 H35 O C
C15 H31 CH2 CH2 O CH2 OH O C C15 H31 O CH OH+2C H31COONa+ C17 H35
COONa 15 O C C15H31+ 3 NaOH O O C C17 H35 CH2 OH , , .. 3 , , 3 , .
7. CH2 CH CH2 52 O O O C C C O O R1 R2 + 3 H2O O R3 CH2 OH R1 CH OH
+ R2 CH2 OH R3 O OH O C OH O C OH C
53. CH2 OH CH2= CH CH OH O +2 H2O C H CH2 OH 8. 1 15H
31COOC16H33 + 47O2 32CO2 + 32H2O n(O2)=47 n(C15H31COOC16H33)=47 1
=47 V(O2)=Vm n(O2)=22,4 / 47 =1052,8 V (O2 ) 1052,8 V.= = =5013,33
5,013 3 0,21 0,21 n(CO2)=32 n(C15H31COOC16H33)=32 1 =32
m(CO2)=M(CO2) n(CO2)=44 / 32 =1408 n(H2O)=32 n(C15H31COOC16H33)=32
1 =32 m(H2O)=M(H2O) n(H2O)=18 / 32=576 : V.=5,013 3; m(CO2)=1,408 ;
m(H2O)=0,576 9. C CnH2n+1 O O + O2 3 CO 2 + H2O Ck2k+1 n+k+1=3 , H
C O OH n=0; k=2 , H C O O CH2 CH3 2H H C C O O 6 CO2 +6 H2O +7 O2 O
C2H5 + H2O H O C 2H5 H C O OH +Ag2 O CO 2 + H 2 O +2 Ag C O + C
2H5OH OH 53
54. 10. O C C H3 O C H2 CH C H3 C H3 1 H2SO4 O CH3 C CH3C
+CH3CHCH2OH +H2O OH OCH2CHCH3 CH3 O CH3 ( m CH3 C O )=M(CH3COOH)
n=60 / 1 =60 OH m(CH3 CH CH2 OH )=M(C4H10O) n=74 / 1 =74 CH3 CH3 m
(C O ) =M(C H 6 O CH2 CH CH3 12O2) n=116/ 1=116 CH3 60 1 1 = =0,517
(CH3COOH) = 116 60 116 1 = 74 1 =0,638 CH CH CH ( 3 = 2 116 74 116
OH) CH3 0,517 m(CH3COOH) = = 0,862 ; 0,6 m (CH3 CH CH2 OH) = 0,638
= 1,063 0,6 CH3 : m(CH3COOH)=0,862 ; m (CH3 CH CH2 OH)=1,063 CH3
11. (C)=48,649%; ()=43,243%; ()=8,108% HyOz; x:y:z= 48,649 : 8,108
: 43,243 =4,054:8,108:2,703=3:6:2 12 1 16 3H6O2 . : H C O O 54 CH2
CH3 CH3 C O O CH3
55. O CH3C O C H +H2O OCH3 + H2O O H OH CH3 C O C H + C2H5OH +
CH3OH H2SO4 H +CH3OH OH O + C2H5OH OH O C2H5 O C O CH3C C + H2O O
H2SO4 CH3 C2H5 O C OH O CH3 . CH3 CH2 O C + OH C 2C H3 CH2 + H2O
CH2 OH CH2 CH2 O OH O CH2 + OH CH2 OH + H C2 OH CH2 O + H CH2 O OH
O CH2 CH3 +H2O C O C2H5 +2 H2O O C C2H5 C 12. , , ,.. . 1. H +
HCOOK + CnH2n+1OH nH2n+1 2. y k H y + C k H 2k+1 COOH + C m H 2 m+1
OH m H 2 m +1 1- 2-, m (KOH) = 0,1 168 = 16,8 .; ( + )56 = 16,8; +
= 0,3 2 +2O+ Ag 2O C nH2n+1OH +CO 2 + 2 O + 2Ag nH 2n+1 m(Ag) 21, 6
2 = = = 0, 2 ; = 0,1 = 0,2 . : M(Ag) 108 (14n + 1 + 4,5)x + (14k +
4,5 + 14m + 1)y = 22,2; 14n 0,1 + 14n 0,2 + + 14m 0,2 = 22,2 - 4,6
9,2; n + 2k + 2m = 8, 4 = 6 ; n = 2; m = 1; k = 1. 14 0,1 : 2H5 3
H3 55
57. 23. . . 1. , , , , , Cu(OH)2, , . , , . 2. H O HO C C C H O
H C OH H C OH C H H C OH + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH H C OH +2Ag + 4NH3 +H2O H
C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH H H H O HO C O C H C OH H C H H OH H t C
C H H C OH + Cu2O + 2 H2O H C OH + 2Cu(OH) H C OH H C OH H C OH H C
OH 2 H H H O O H C C O C H C OH H C O HO C H H C O H C OH H C O H C
OH H C O C H C OH H C O C H +5CH3COOH CH3 O C CH3 O C CH3 +5H2O O O
CH3 CH3 H 57
58. 3. H OH O C H C H H C OH HO C H Ni H C OH H C OH HO C H H C
OH + H2 H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH H H . 4. , , . 5. H H H H C C C
C C OH OH OH OH O H CH2OH , , .. 5 , . 6. , .. , . 7. O H C H C OH
HO C H H C OH H C OH H C OH H 58 2H3CH2OH 2CO2
59. H O C HO H C OH HO C H H C OH H C OH H C O OH C 2H C OH CH3
H 8. , .. . , , . 9. 144 x C6H12O6 2 CH3CHCOOH OH 180 2*90 180
(C6H12O6) 290 (-) 144 (C6H12O6) x (-) x=144 ; = 120 = 0,833 83,3%.
: 83,3%. 144 10. x 3 200 .. 6CO 2 + 6H 2O C6 H12O6 + 644 3 6O 2
622,4103 3 3 644 (CO2) - 622,410 (O2) 200 . (CO2) x 3 (O2) x= 14 3
200 109 22,4 103 = 1,02 1014 3 . : 1,0210 44 11. x 20,88 180 232
C6H12O6 + Ag2O C6H12O7 + 2Ag ; 180 20,88 x= = 16,2 232 C6H12O6 +
Ag2O C6H12O7 + 2Ag n(C6H12O6)=1,5 ; m(C6H12O6)=1,5180=270 : ) 16,2
; ) 270 . 59
60. 24. . 1. 120 + nH O x 2 (C6H12O5 )n nC6H12O6 162 180
m((C6H12O6)n)=2000,6=120 ; 162 - 180 x = 120 180 = 21600 = 133,3 ;
120 - x 162 162 = 72 = 0,54 54%. : 54%. 133,3 2. x y 8 162 363 297
(C6H10O5 )n +3nHNO3 (C6H 7O 2 (NO 2 )3 )n 162 ((C6H10O5 )n ) 297 ()
x ((C6H10O5 )n ) - 8 () m 4,36 m. = = = 4,96 0,88 x = 4,36 3 63
(HNO3 ) - 297 () = 5,09 x (HNO3 ) - 8 () m. = m = 5,09 = 5,79 ; :
m(HNO3)=5,79 ; m()=4,96 . 0,88 3. x + nH O 144 2 (C6 H10O5 )n nC6
H12O6 2nC2 H 5OH + 2nCO 2 246 162 m(C2H5OH)=0,96150=144 162 () 92
(C2H5OH) x () 144 (C2H5OH) x=253,56 . : m=253,56 . 4. 1000 + nH O x
2 (C6 H10O5 )n nC6 H12O6 2nC2 H 5OH + 2nCO 2 246 162 m()=0,25=1
=1000 162 - 92 x = 567,9 1000 - x m=4500,8=360 ;
m(C2H5OH)=0,95360=342 ; = 5. n + H 2O n 2 ) (C6H10O5 )n C12H22O11 2
60 342 = 0,60 567,9
61. C12H22O11+H2OC6H12O6+C6H12O6; C6H12O6 2C2H5OH+2CO2
CH3COOH+C2H5OHCH3COOC2H5+H2O CH3COOC2H5+NaOHCH3COONa+C2H5OH 2O )
(6H10O5)n + nH nC6H12O6; C6H12O6 2C2H5OH+2CO2 Zn /A l2 O 3 CH2 CH
CH CH2 + 2H2O + H2 2C2H5OH t n CH2 CH2 CH CH ( CH2 CH CH CH2)n )
6nCO2+5nH2O(C6H10O5)n+6nO2 2O (C6H10O5)n + nH nC6H12O6; C2H5OH +
CuO CH3 C t CH3C O + Ag 2O H C6H12O62C2H5OH+2CO2 O + Cu + H2O H t
CH3COOH + 2Ag (C6H10O5)n+3nCH3COOH[C6H7O2(OCOCH3)3]n+3nH2O 61
62. 6. 25. 1 : CH3-NH2 ; CH3-CH2-NH2 CH3-CH2-CH2-NH2 :
CH3-NH-CH3 ; CH3-NH-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH2-NH-CH2-CH3 : N CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
N CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 N CH2 CH3 CH3 2. CH2 CH2 CH3 NH : N H2 CH2
CH2 CH2 N H2 CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 3- CH2 CH3 N H2 CH2 N H2 CH
CH CH2 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 2- CH3 2- CH3 CH CH CH3 N H2 CH3 2--3- CH3
CH3 N H2 CH2 C CH3 62 CH3 1--2,2-
69. , , : 1) ; 2) ; 3) , ..; 4) . 8. , . . 9. ( CH NH O )n+n
H2O CO n NH2 CH R R 10. C2H6 1 C2H5OH 2 O C CH3 3 O CH3 C H 5 O CH2
NH2 1. C2H6 + Cl2 C C 6 OH CH3 ( OH NH CH2 CO CH2 4 OH CH2Cl C O 5
OH )n Cl +HCl CH3CH2Cl +NaOH CH3CH2OH +NaCl O t 2. C2H5OH +CuO +Cu
+ H2O CH3 C H O O +2Ag+4 NH3 + H2O CH3 C [ Ag(NH3)2]OH +2 3. CH3 C
OH H O C 4. CH3 O + Cl2 OH CH2 Cl C + HCl OH O + 2 NH3 + NH4Cl NH2
CH2 C OH OH O C NH CH2 CO ) + n H2O n OH O 5. Cl CH2 6. n NH2 C CH2
( 69
80. , , . , , , , , , , , , . 3. 1. : 2 . 3 . , , , .. (0,8 /).
. , , . 2. : 1 10%- (II) 10%- . Cu(OH)2. , . - , . Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
CuSO4 +2NaOH H CH2 2CH CH2 OH OH + Cu(OH)2 OH CH 2 CH CH2 O O Cu O
OH O H H CH2 CH +2 H2O CH2 Cu(OH)2, .. . 3. : 2 5%- , 1 20% 0,5 ,
80
81. . . . O K 2Cr2O 7 +3 C2H5OH +4 H2SO 4 Cr2(SO 4)3 + K 2SO 4
+3 CH3 C +7 H2O H , .. . 4. 1. : 1 . . . , .. . O O +2 Ag +4 NH3 +
H2O H C +2 [ Ag(NH3)2 ]OH H C OH H 2. : 30 . . , . O O C C 2 + O2 2
H OH 3. - . . . . . . . O t CH3 C CH3 + Na2CO 3 2 CH3 C O Na O
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 81
82. 5. 1. : 2 3 , . 2 - , , . . . . . . O O C C + O H +NaOH O
Na H2O . 2. : 1 . . . O O Zn + H2 Zn + 2CH3 C CH3 C 2 OH O , , , .
, , , . ( ) 3. : 2 , 2 - . . . , . O H 2SO 4 O CH3C + CH3CHCH2CH2OH
CH3C OH CH3 O(CH2)2CHCH3+H2O CH3 , , . 82
83. 6. 1. : . . . H HO O O C C H C OH C H H C OH + 2Ag + 4 NH3
+ H2O OH H C OH OH H C OH H C OH H C H H C OH H C H C +2
[Ag(NH3)2]OH H H . 2. (II) : ) - , 2 1 . (II), - . , , . CuSO4
+2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO 4 H O H C C H C OH H C H 2 H H H C C C H O H
H C OH C H OH + Cu(OH)2 H C O OH H C O H C OH OH H H O C H Cu H O C
H +2H O 2 O C H HO C H HO C H CH 2OH 83
84. ) , . , . - . H O HO C O C H C H C OH H OH C HO H HO t H HO
H C C H C O H C O H C OH H Cu HO C H H O C H +HO 2 O C H HO C H HO
C H HO C H HO H C H +CuOH H C O H 2CuOH t Cu2O +H2O , O . C H -
CuOH Cu2O, . 3. : ) . , , .. , . ) . . ( ). 2 . , . 84
85. H O CH2OH O H CH2OH C H O H H H 2 SO4 . H H H H H C + H2O
OH O OH t CH2OH H OH H C H OH OH H H C OH C =O H C H H C OH + H C
OH H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH H . Na2SO4 +2 H2O H2SO4 +2NaOH H 4.
: 20 , . . . . 7. . . 1. : - , . . . . . + NH2 +HCl + NH3 Cl NH3 Cl
NH2 +NaOH +NaCl + H2O 85
86. 2. : - . . NH2 NH2 Br Br +3HBr +3 Br2 Br 3. : 2 (II). . .
2NH2 CH2 C O OH +CuO ( NH 2 CH2 C O O ) Cu + H O 2 2 4. : . . . ,
.. . 5. : CuSO4 . . (CH3COO)2Pb . . 6. ) . . . . . . ) . . - .
86
87. 8. I. . . . II. . . . III. . . . IV. , . . . V. . : 2 +
2[Ag(NH3)2]OH HCOOH + 2Ag + 4NH3 + H2O, . VI. . , . HO O H O C C H
C C H H C OH H C H C H OH C H C OH H H C OH + 2Ag + 4NH3 + H2O OH H
C OH OH H C OH +2[Ag( H3)2]OH N H H . VII. : 23 + Na2CO3 2CH3COONa
+ CO2 + H2O; 25 + Na2CO3. 87