Post on 02-Jun-2020
15.10.2012
1
POLLINATION OF TYPICAL SPECIES IN
DISTURBED SITES IN THE EXTREME
NORTH-EAST OF ASIA
1
3 4
4
Fig. 1. Climatic zoning map (Klyukin, 1970). 1 - arctic climate of the desert and the arctic tundra (most severe weather), 2 - climate of the tundra and forest-tundra (outside forests, a large severe weather), 3 - climate of the tundra and forest-tundra (in the forest, a large severe weather), 4 - climate of coniferous forests (most severe weather), 5 - border climate with very cold winters
2
Wrangel
Island Chukotka
5
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2
FIG.2. LARCH OPEN FOREST IN CONTINENTAL PART OF THE NORTH-
EAST OF ASIA Fig. 3. KOLYMA UPLAND. Research station of Geobotany Lab of IBPN.
15.10.2012
3
FIG. 4. THE PLANT COMMUNITIES OF RIVER VALLEY
Fig.5. PINUS PUMILA COMMUNITIES.
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4
KKKKK
FIG.5. DRYAS PUNCTATA IN ALPINE TUNDRA. FIG.6. RHODODENDRON CAMTSCHATICUM
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5
FIG.6. RHODODEDRON AUREUM
FIG. 7. ROSA ACICULARIS
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6
FIG.8. SPIRAEA SALICIFOLIA FIG. 7. ROSA ACICULARIS
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
A comparative study of reproductive ecology of
angiosperms of the North-Eastern Asia has been made
on Wrangel Island in 1967, 1970-73 and 1975. In 1976 -
1979 anthecological research of alpine and forest
plants was continue on the Kolyma Upland and
Kamchatka Peninsula. Then and until now, those
research have been carrying out in mountain systems
of the Okhotsk sea coast so as in the basin of Kolyma
river. We applied in our redearch the methods
developed by A.N. Ponomarev (1960,1970) and V.F.
Shamurin (1968). The main attention was paid to the
study of flowering phenology and reproduction ecology
of typical species of natural communities and disturbed
areas.
Male and female phases of flowers, dichogamy, dioecy
and other features of the generative sphere of plants
were recorded. Pollen viability determine by germination
its on an artificial medium, composed of sucrose and
jelatin in various concentration (Tikhmenev, 1974, 1981,
etc.). Simultaneously, the study of antophilous insects
activity was carried out (TIkhmenev, 2010, 2012). The
daily dynamic activity of pollinators, and the duration and
constancy of each their visits were investigated. To study
the role and efficiency of various way of pollination,
the flowers (blossoms) were isolated from agents of
pollination (wind and insects).
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FIG.9. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SELFPOLLINATION POTENTIAL
COMMON ENTOMOPHILOUS PLANTS (LARCH FOREST). Fig.10. STUDY 0F DAILY RHYTHM 0F LEYMUS INTERIOR BLOOMING.
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FIG. 11. STUDY OF FEATURE OF THE GRASSES POLLINATION
ECOLOGY.
Fig. 12. Circadian rhythm of blooming and pollination
of Leymus interior, 26.07. 2004.
График 3. Суточный ритм цветения Leymus sp.2 6 . 0 7 . 0 4
0 0
4
33
4
0
7
30 0 00 0
3
23
42
41 0
200 0
11
32
6
13
1 0 0 00 0 0
21
24
12
1 0 0 00 0 1
6
1 02 1 0 0 00 0 0
9
4
8
4
0 0 0 00 0
5
15
2 2
8
0 0 0 00 0
6
23
31
5
1 0 0 0
2800028000
54000
50000
5800058000
54000
50000
42000
36000
220000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Время суток (часы)
Ко
ли
чест
во
расп
уст
ив
ши
хся
цв
ет
ко
в
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Осв
ещ
ен
но
ст
ь,
лк
№1 №2 №3 №5 №8 №10 №14 №15 Освещенность
15.10.2012
10
Fig. 13. Pollen germination of Iris setosa Pall. ex Link
(lens plan. 3.5 x0, 10, X 100, camera DCM300) Fig. 14. Pollen germination of Chamaenerion
angustifolium (L.) Scop. (x 100)
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Fig. 15. The abundance of pollen germinating in 5% gelatin medium,
containing different amounts of sucrose.
9186
90
76
70
67
82 8389
5257
79
3
12
0 0 006
14
1 2 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
5 10 15 20 25 30
Iris setosa
Chamerion angustifolium
Pedicularis resupinata
Senecio pseudoarnica
Кол
-во
пыль
цы ,
(%)
Конц-ия сахарозы, (%)
61
88
70
34
0 0
64
4945
49
35
59
40 0 0 02
5 30 0 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
5 10 15 20 25 30
Iris setosa
Chamerion angustifolium
Pedicularis resupinata
Senecio pseudoarnica К
ол-в
опы
льцы
, (%
)
Конц-ия сахарозы, (%)
Fig. 16. The abundance of pollen germinating species studied in
10% gelatin medium, containing different amounts of sucrose.
Tabl.1. Pollination systems of the flowering species of the North-
eastern Asia (I - anemophilous and II - entomophilous species).
*of
Pollination system
Arctic
tundra
I* II
Alpine
tundra
I II
Larch
forest
I II
Obligate outcrossers 3 22 3 17 4 18
Facultative outcrossers 22 18 16 22 23 17
Predominantly autogamics
(apomictics)
3 8
4 8
7 3
Obligate autogamics - - - - - -
Number of species 28 48 23 47 34 38
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12
FIG.5. TECHNOLOGICAL LANDSCAPES DEPOSIT "KUBAKA
TECHNOGENIC IMPACT ON NATURAL
LANDSCAPES OF NORTH-EAST OF ASIA
FIG. 17. LINEAR DISTURBANCES OF NATURAL SOIL-PLANT COMPLEXES
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FIG.18. DEVELOPMENT OF ALLUVIAL GOLD IN UPPER KOLYMA
FIG. 19. THE INITIAL STAGE OF SELF REVEGETATION (Crepis
tectorum + Chamaenerion angustifolium).
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FIG. 20. IINITIAL SUCCESSION ON OVERBURDEN DUMPS (age of 8
years.
FIG. 22. TYPICAL LANDSCAPES FORMING WHILE DREDGE MINING.
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FIG. 23. TECHNOLOGICAL ERROR IN RECLAMATION OF DREDGING SPOIL (15 YEARS LATER).
FIG.23. GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION
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FIG. 24. SELF-REVEGETATION OF DISTURBED SITES AFTER
GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION. FIG.25. BIRCACHAN GOLD ORE DEPOSIT
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FIG. 26. FIRST STAGE OF NATURAL REHABILITATION PROCESS (DUSCHEKIA
FRUTICOSA+CHAMAENERION LATIFOLIUM).
FIG.27. DISTURBED LANDSCAPE IN ORE DEPOSIT KUBAKA
AREA.
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Table 2. POLLEN VIABILITY OF SOME COMMON SPECIES OF
DISTURBED SITES (basin of Kolyma)
Species Number of
sowing
Pollen
germina-
tion,%
Length of
pollen
tubes, mkm
Pollen
viability, in
hours.
Salix pulchra 15 30,5 390 96
S. schwerenii 10 84,3 600 120
S. krylovii 10 89,0 480 96
Lonicera edulis 10 80,7 550 110
Ledum decumbens 10 90,2 1050 96
L. palustre 10 96,5 750 96
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 15 68,3 680 72
Loiseleuria
procumbens
15 92,8 270 124
Phyllodoce caerulea 10 96,4 930 72
Cassiope ericoides 15 92,1 208 48
Populus suaveolens 10 68,7 695 96
Chosenia arbutifolia 10 94,3 1200 42
Dusсhekia fruticosa 15 80,7 210 72
Рис. 5. Энергия прорастания семян Castilleja rubra
и Saxifraga funstonii техногенных (1) и
естественных экосистем (2) СВА
0102030405060708090
100110
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Период прорастания (сутки)
Ко
ли
чес
тво
пр
ор
осш
их
сем
ян
(%)
(1) Castilleja rubra (1) Saxifraga funstonii
(2) C. rubra (2) S. funstonii
FIG.28. SEED GERMINATION ENERGY OF SPECIES IN
NATURAL AND DISTURBED SITES IN FOREST ZONE.
1
2
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Fig. 28. NATURAL REVEGATION OF DISTURBED SITES (Linneae
borealis + Betula exilis + Carex sp.). FIG. 29. NATURAL RESTORATION OF DISTURBED
LANDSCAPES.
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20
Table 3. Biomass content in the different ages of the
overburden dumps, t / ha of dry matter (larch forest).
Components
of
biomass
Age dumps, years
2 8 14 20
phytomass 0,04 0,54 2,67 3,59
including:
aboveground
0,03 0,23 0,31 2,53
underground 0,01 0,31 2,36 1,06
mortmass - 0,05 0,06 1,23
biomass 0,04 0,59 2,73 4,82
Tabl. 3. List of species of native flora perspective for rehabilitation №
п/п PLANT SPECIES SITES*
1 Мятлик высокогорный Poa alpigena 1
2 Мятлик сизый Poa glauca 1
3 Овсяница коротколистная Festuca brachyphylla 1
4 Арктополевица узколистная Arctagrostis arundinacea 1,2,3
5 Вейник Лангсдорффа Calamagrostis langsdorffii 2,3
6 Вейник лапландский Calamagrostis lapponica 2
7 Овсянница красная Festuca rubra 2
8 Пырейник сибирский Elymus sibiricus 2,3
9 Пырейник изменчивый Elymus mutabilis 2,3
10 Пырейник смешиваемый Elymus confusus 2,3
11 Пырейник кроноцкий Elymus kronokensis 3
12 Костер Пампелла Bromopsis pumpellianus 3
13 Ива красивая Salix pulchra 1,2
14 Ива скальная Salix saxatilis 2
15 Ива Крылова Salix krylovii 3
16 Береза тощая Betula exilis 1,2,3
17 Береза Миддендорффа Betula middendorffii 3
18 Ольха кустарниковая Dusсhekia fruticosa 1,2,3
19 Лиственница Каяндера Larix cajanderi 3
20 Кедровый стланик Pinus pumila 2,3
1 – привершинные,
водораздельные
участки;
2 – склоновые
участки
техногенных
образований;
3 – пойменные
участки ландшафта.
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FIG. 30. REHABILITATION OF SURFACE DISTURBANCES OF KUBAKA
DEPOSITE.
FIG. 31. REHABILITATION IN KUBAKA GOLD ORE DEPOSITE
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22
CONCLUSION
1. The specific anthecological feature of the investigated species of
northern angiosperm is such that there is a group of species
well adopted to cross-pollination. This is comparatively small
group of obligate entomophilous species, mainly of
Fabaceae, Salicaceae and Scrophulariaceae, as well as some
species from other families that have an inherent specialization to
pollination by bees, bumble-bees and flies;
2. Entomophilous plants in natural associations comprise of not
less than 2/3 of the species of floral lists, but only 1/3 such
species combine of renewable plant associations;
3. In the case of deficiency of pollinators or their full absence many
species readily pass to self-pollination in the form of geitonogamy
or autogamy, as a reserve way of seed reproduction;
4. Anemofilous species, including such dominant as Duschekia
fruticosa, Betula exilis, B. middendorffii and grasses in disturbed
sites, produced abound seed crop with the high level of their
viability.
All studied species are characterized by lower threshold temperature limits of
pollination process, equaling 3,5-6 C and at higher air temperature, over 10 C,
many species get the ability for continuous flowering and pollination during day and
night time.
Проведенная оценка репродуктивного потенциала видов естественных и
нарушенных сообществ свидетельствует о том, что большинству цветковых
наряду с перекрестным опылением свойственно самоопыление в форме
автогамии и гейтоногамии. Наложение мужской и женской фаз, близкое
расположение половых элементов в цветке обеспечивают возможность
факультативной автогамии. Относительное обилие антофильной
энтомофауны и активность потенциальных опылителей создают
предпосылки для успешного опыления энтомофильных видов. У
доминирующих кустарников-анемофилов, в т.ч. таких как Dushekia fruticosa,
Betula exilis и B. middendorffii, отмечается наложение половых фаз цветка и
высокий уровень фертильности пыльцы. Обилие и практически
круглосуточное продуцирование пыльцы, длительное функционирование
пестичных соцветий, а также произрастание сомкнутыми группировками
обеспечивает эффективную анемофилию этих видов. The evaluation of the
reproductive potential of natural and disturbed plant communities suggests that most
flowering plants, along with cross-pollination is peculiar form of self-fertilization in
autogamy and geitonogamy. Imposition of male and female phases, proximity sexual
elements in the flower allow facultative autogamy. The relative abundance and activity of
the anthophilous insects provide high level of pollination process of entomophilous
species. The anemofillous species, including such dominant as Dushekia fruticosa,
Betula exilis and B. middendorffii, says the imposition of sexual phase of the flower and
the high level of pollen fertility. The abundance and round the clock production of pollen,
long-term operation of pistillate inflorescences and vegetation serried groups provides
effective anemofiliyu these species.
.
Thank you for attention!
15.10.2012
23
REFERENCES
Pugachev, A.A., Tikhmenev, E.A. Anthropogenic transformation of soil-plant communities of the Far North-East Asia: scientific-method. allowance. - Magadan: SVGU Publishing house, 2008. - 187 p. ISBN 978-5-91260-016-6
Pugachev, A.A, Tikhmenev, EA. Structural and functional organization and dynamics of soil-vegetation complexes of Far North-East of Russia: monograph. - Magadan: SVGU Publishing house, 2011. -197 Pp. ISBN 978-5-91260-059-3
Grass cultivation in Yakutia. Collective monograph. – Yakutsk : Yakutsk Book Publishers, 1987. - 187 p.
Kevan, P.G., Tikhmenev, E.A., Usui. M. Insects and plants in the pollination ecology of the Boreal zone // Ecological Research, 8, 1993. - Pp. 247 - 267.
Kevan, P.G., Tikhmenev, E.A. Dynamic anemophily and pollination ecology of common grasses of Ontario, Canada / / Ecology (Russian). - № 4. -1996. - Pp.268-274.
Tikhmenev, E.A. . Reproductive features of the northern angiosperms as a
factor of the plant diversity and communitis stability // Opera Botanica
(Copenhagen), №132. 1997. - Pp. 67-76
Kevan, P.G., Baker, H.G. Insects on flowers. - In: Ecological Entomology (eds
C.B.Huffaker & R.L.Rabb). John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1984. Pp. 608-
631. Kevan, P.G. Insect pollination of high
arctic flowers.- J. Ecol. -1972. - 60: 831-867.
Tikhmenev, E.A. Relationships between entomophilous plants and
insects in the boreal forests of northeastern Russia // Managing Forests
to Meet Peoples’ Needs. Proceedings of the 1994 Society of American
foresters/Canadian Institute of forestry Convention (Anchorage, Alaska,
September, 18-22, 1994).1995. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. –Pp. 453-456.
Kuznetzov, S.Yu., Bukhkalo, S.P., Tikhmenev E.A. Records of
hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae) from the Magadan Province //
Dipterological Research, №4, 1997. Pp. 117-119.
Tikhmenev E.A., Tikhmenev P.E. Technological aspects of antierosion restoration of gold deposits in permafrost zone // News of Samara Scientific Center of RAS. - T. 14. - № 1 (3), 2012. - Pp. 812-821.
Tikhmenev P.E, Tikhmenev E.A. Reproductive potential of the plants and the restoration of disturbed landscapes // Journal of Northeastern University. Magadan. - Vol. 9. - 2007. - Pp.105-111.
15.10.2012
24
РИС.1. СОЗДАНИЕ СЕЯНЫХ ЛУГОВ НА
ТЕХНОГЕННЫХ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯХ В ТУНДРЕ
ЧУКОТКИ (А) И ПРОТИВОЭРОЗИОННАЯ
РЕКУЛЬТИВАЦИЯ ХВОСТОХРАНИЛИЩА
ОМСУКЧАНСКОЙ ЗИФ В ТАЕЖНОЙ ЗОНЕ (Б)
А
б Б
15.10.2012
25
РИС.2. ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ РАБОТЫ ПО
РАЗРАБОТКЕ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ
РЕКУЛЬТИВАЦИИ В БАССЕЙНЕ Р. СУГОЙ
(ТАЕЖНАЯ ЗОНА).
FIG. 8. DOWNLOAD WATER, SEEDS AND FERTILIZERS IN
GIDROSEEDER FINN T-90
15.10.2012
26
FIG. 9. Hydroseeding on desturbed site
FIG. 10. Resultats of reclamation of
des=turbed sites on Kubaka gold
deposit
15.10.2012
27
Fig.11. Surface
earthing of dumps
Fig.12. Constraction of the root
zone .
РFIG. 13.
Hydroseeding with
simultaneous
application of mixture of
seeds and fertilizers
FIG. 14. Shoots Larch (Larix cajanderi),
elfin cedar (Pinus pumila), seeded with
perennial grasses simultaneously.
15.10.2012
28
FIG. 15. LANE EARTHING WASTE ROCK. CHECKBOXES MARKED PINUS
PUMILA SEEDLINGS.
FIG. 16. REKUDTIVIROVANNYE LAND SURFACE DISTURBANCES
15.10.2012
29
ig.17. Mowings recultivated sites with different years
7 лет 6 лет 5 лет 4 года 3 г. 2 г. 1 г. 1 г.
New data on the reproductive biology of the typical
species of flowering regeneration of communities,
including mass anemofilov - Chosenia
zemlyanichnikolistnoy, alder bushes and shrub birch
species to ensure their successful development in
disturbed lands;
Stability of plant communities to fire is determined
reserves and structure of biomass, floristic and
biochemical composition of vegetation, partsellyarnoy
structure of plant communities, projective cover of the
tree layer, litter moisture and other factors abiotic
environment;
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РИС. 7. СНЯТИЕ ПОЧВЫ ДЛЯ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ КОРНЕОБИТАЕМОГО
СЛОЯ НА НАРУШЕННЫХ УЧАСТКАХ
Нормы высева, кг\га
Сорт 20 25 30 35
Пырейник сибирский,
сорт Нюрбинский
2010
720
2230
820
2500
900
2550
870
Пырейник сибирский,
сорт Гуран
1990
750
2140
850
2250
955
2300
715
Пырейник сибирский,
сорт Камалинский
1850
912
1915
875
2000
990
1910
650
Пырейник
изменчивый
1650
723
1905
612
2415
814
2260
850
Табл. 1. Формирование
биомассы на 2 год развития
в зависимости от нормы
высева семян (в числителе
зеленой массы, в кг/м2 , в
знаменателе – количество
генеративных побегов, шт/м2)
при фоновом внесении
минеральных удобрений (N180,
P180, K60)
Табл. 2. Урожайность в зависимости от доз внесения минеральных
удобрений (в числителе кг/м2 зеленой массы, в знаменателе – кол-во генеративных
побегов, шт/м2 при норме высева семян 30 кг/га)
Дозы удобрений
Сорт
N120P120K6
0
N180P180K60 N180P180K120
Пырейник сибирский, сорт Нюрбинский 1650/723 2508/908 2716/913
Пырейник сибирский, сорт Гуран 1850/660 2250/950 2310/930
Пырейник сибирский, сорт Камалинский 1230/535 2106/990 2120/960
Пырейник изменчивый 1600/597 2400/796 2453/790
15.10.2012
31
Fig. 2. Plant
complexes in
disturbed lands
arctic tundra
subzones:
I - fragment grass-hvoschovogo phytocenosis silt-settling tank at 10 years of age;
synusia:
1 - hvoschovaya, 2 - hvoschovaya redkopokrovnaya, 3 - moss, 4 - Juncus castaneus,
Poa arctica, Arctagrosis latifolia, 5 - Eriophorum vaginatum, 6 - Puccinellia colpodioides,
7 - bare ground.
II - fragment-peschankovo kipreynogo phytocenosis to dump overburden the age of 10;
synusia:
1 - kipreynaya redkopokrovnaya, 2 - peschankovaya 3 - Poa pratense, P. glauca, P.
arctica + Festuca rubra, 4 - Trisetum molle, 5 - Saxifraga punctata, 6 - Artemtsia
kruhseana, 8 - Chamaenerion angustifolium, 9 - Dryas punctata, 10 - Salix saxatilis, S.
schwerinii. -
15.10.2012
32
Травы
Кустарники
Деревья
Рис. 2. Опылительные системы и половая структура лиственничных сообществ
бассейна р. Колыма (условные обозначения те же, что и на рис.1) 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
15.10.2012
33
REFERENCES
Pugachev A.A., Tikhmenev E.A. Anthropogenic transformation of soil-plant systems of the Far North-East Asia. - Magadan: SVGU Publishing house. - 2008. - 187 p. ISBN 978-5-91260-016-6
Pugachev A.A., Tikhmenev E.A. Structural and functional organization and dynamics of soil-vegetation cover of Far North-East of Russia: monograph. - Magadan: SVGU Publishing house. -2011. – 197 p. ISBN 978-5-91260-059-3.
Grass cultivation in Yakutia. – Yakutsk : Yakutsk Publishing house. - 1987. - 187 pp.
Kevan P.G., Tikhmenev E.A.Expierewnce of INCO Ltd Company in reclamation of tails. – Kolyma, - 2. – 1992. - Pp.27 - 28.
Kevan P.G., Tikhmenev E.A., Usui M. Insects and plants in the pollination ecology of the Boreal zone // Ecological Research, 8, 1993. pp. 247 - 267.
Tikhmenev E.A. Reproductive features of the northern angiosperms as a factor of the plant diversity and community stability Opera Botanica (Copenhagen). - 132. -1997. Pp. 67-76
Tikhmenev P.E., Tikhmenev E.A. Reproductive potential of the plants and the restoration of disturbed landscapes (basin of Kolyma river) / / Vestnik of Northeastern University. Magadan. - Vol. 9. - 2007. - Pp.105-111.
35. Оп ы
ле н и
е и
са м
о о п
ыли т
е льн
ый
п о те
н ц и а
л
эн то
мо ф
и льн
ых
р а ст
е н ий
а р кт
и че с
ко й
и
го р н
о й
тун д
р
Се в
е р о -
Во ст
о ка
ССС
Р.
Пе ч. Эко
ло ги
я , №
4,
198
4.ээ
ээээ
э
С. 8 -
15
Tikhmenev E.A., Kevan P.G. Wind and self-pillination in meadows grasses:
seasonal and diurnal reproductive isolation. - Bridges of the science between
North America and the Russian Far East / 45th Arctic Science Conference.
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Fig. 22. Recovery plant groups in disturbed sites twenty years old in the forest-tundra zone (valley of B. Keperveem river).
I - fragment phytocenosis willow on a pebble heap:
1 - Calamagrostis langsdorffii, Arctagrostis latifolia, 2 - Saxifraga punctata, 3 - Lathyrus pilosus, 4 - Salix fuscescens, S. pulchra, S. tschuctschorum, 5 - Salix pulchra, S. saxatilis, S. krylovii, 6 - Dryas punctata, 7 - Chamaenerion angustifolium, 8 - Trisetum molle.
II - a fragment of sedge-grass-willow phytocenosis on the pebble heap:
1 - Calamagrostis langsdorffii, Arctagrostis latifolia, Trisetum molle, 2 - Carex stans, three-Artemisia kruhseana, 4 - Dryas punctata, 5 - Salix saxatilis, S. pulchra, 6 - Chosenia arbutifolia, 7 - larch and willow.
III - cinuzialnaya structure of cotton grass-willow-hvoschovo phytocenosis on silt-settling tank:
1 - hvoschovaya, 2 - cotton grass, 3 - Salix fusescens, S. pulchra, 4 - Puccinella friganodes, Carex sp., 5 - Salix udensis, S. saxatilis, S. schwerinii.